Mfumu yomaliza ya China: dzina, yonena

Mfumu yomaliza ya China - Pu Yi - ndi wodziwika m'mbiri ya China. Inali nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, dziko zinafika yosintha kuchokera monarchical kuti chikominisi ndi, patapita nthawi wosewera mpira kwambiri m'bwalo lonse.

dzina Meaning

Mu China, kunali kosatheka kuti kutchula dzina la mfumu, adampatsa iye pa kubadwa - unali mwambo zaka zakubadwa. Mfumu yomaliza ya dzina linali loti China, lolingana mfumu - "Syuantun" ( "pogwirizanitsa").

banja

Last Mfumu ya China kwenikweni m'mayiko Chinese sanali. banja lake Aisin Gioro ( «Golden mtundu") a Manchu Qing mafumu, amene analamulira pa nthawi imeneyi, zaka zoposa mazana asanu.

Atate Pu Ine Zaifeng, Prince Chun unachitika malo apamwamba mu mphamvu ya udindo wapamwamba (wachiwiri Grand Duke), koma mfumu sipanayambe. Nthawi zambiri bambo wa Pu ine mphamvu ndi kunyalanyaza zochitika ndyale.

Mayi Pu Ine Yulan anali ndi khalidwe moona wogona. Anakweza bambo wamkulu, iye anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse ufumu bwalo ndi kulangidwa chifukwa chokhumudwitsa pang'ono. Izi nkhawa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu makamaka Yulan ofanana udindo. Atumiki, mifule, iye akanakhoza kuphedwa kwa aliyense sanakhutire ndi kuyang'ana ake, ndi kamodzi ngakhale kumenya mwana wamkazi.

Direct wolamulira China anali Amalume Pu Yi, komanso msuweni Tszayfena - Tszaytyan, anadzatchedwa "Guangxu". Zinali m'malo ake ndipo anakhala Mfumu lotsiriza la China.

ubwana

Pu Yi anali kukwera ku mpando wachifumu mwamsanga zaka ziwiri. Pambuyo pake, Mfumu lotsiriza la China (zaka za moyo: 1906-1967) wakhala kusamutsidwa kwa choletsedwa City - malo okhala a anthu ulamuliro wa China.

Pu Yi analinso msanga ndi maganizo mwana, kotero kusamukira ku malo atsopano ndi coronation sanazichite kanthu koma misozi.

kulira A chake. Atamwalira mu 1908 Tszaytyanya izo zinachitika kuti mwana wazaka anapita Ufumu, akumenya ngongole, umphawi ndi kuopseza kugwa. Chifukwa cha ichi wosavuta: opondereza Yulan anakhazikitsa mfundo yakuti Tszaytyan kuonongeka malingaliro, ndipo anapanga kuti m'malo mwake anaikidwa mwana wa msuwani wa mfumu yolamulira, amene anali Pu Yi

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mnyamatayo anaika regent wa bambo ake, osati wothwanima moyang'ana m'tsogolo kapena savvy ndale, kenako si wosiyana kwambiri azakhali Lun Yu kwa iye. Ine ndikudabwa zimene bambo anga Pu Ine pafupifupi sindinamuwonepo ana kapena unyamata.

Tikumbukenso kuti Pu Yi anali, mwa zinthu zina, thanzi mwana (kupatula mavuto m'mimba), wochangamuka ndiponso zosangalatsa. Ambiri mwa nthawi choletsedwa City mfumu zaumbanda anakhala mu khoti osabala ndi masewera komanso analankhula ndi anamwino padziko iye zaka eyiti.

ulemu wapadera ndi mantha Pu Ine nawo otchedwa mkulu mayi Duan Kan. Ndi mkazi uyu okhwima kuphunzitsa Pu pang'ono ine zaznaykoy manyazi anansi.

Asilikali kulanda boma ndi abdication

Mfumu yomaliza ya China, amene yonena kuyamba malamulo kwambiri movutika ndi negligible - pang'ono zaka zitatu (zaka 3 ndi miyezi 2). Pambuyo Xinhai utasintha cha 1911 Lun Yu anasaina kuchita kwa abdication (mu 1912).

Boma latsopanoli anasiya Pu Ine yachifumu ndi maudindo ena, amene anadalira ndi munthu mkulu. Mwina bwanji kulemekeza ulamuliro n'chobadwa mu DNA Chinese. Makamaka kukwapula Mosiyana ndi ulimi Chinese ku Soviet, pamene Banja akulamulira wa Mfumu Nicholas II ankapatsidwa malinga ndi malamulo a mwankhanza, ndipo popanda lingaliro lirilonse la anthu.

Komanso, boma latsopano wasiya Pu Ine ufulu kuphunzira. Last Mfumu ya China ndi zaka khumi ndi zinayi kuphunzira English, iye ankadziwa Manchu ndi Chinese. Ndi kusakhulupirika, zaikidwa ndi malamulo Konufutsiya. English mphunzitsi Pu Yi, Rezhninald Johnston kumupanga iye kukhala kumadzulo kwenikweni ndipo ngakhale anamupatsa dzina European - Henry. Ine ndikudabwa zinenero zawo zooneka ngati mbadwa Pu Yi sanali, naphunzitsa monyinyirika kwambiri (pa chaka kuona mawu pafupifupi makumi atatu), pamene English, pamodzi ndi Johnston anaphunzitsa mosamala kwambiri ndi changu.

Pu Yi anakwatira oyambirira ndithu, pa usinkhu wa zaka sikisitini, mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa mkulu Wang Rong. Komabe, mkazi malamulo Pu Ine sanakhutire, kotero wokonda (kapena adzakazi) anatenga Wen Xiu.

Palibe (ndipo palibe) phe ndi mfumu moyo mpaka 1924, pamene Republic of China kuti ukugwira izo kwa onse wene. Pu Yi ndi mkazi wake anafunika kusiya City oletsedwa.

Manchukuo

Pambuyo athamangitsidwe a m'zigawo cholowa Pu ndinapita kumpoto China - territtoriyu, m'manja mwa atsogoleri Japanese. Mu 1932 panali anakhazikitsa quasi boma wotchedwa Manchukuo. Iwo anali wolamulira wake ndipo anakhala Mfumu lotsiriza la China. mbiri Komabe, pamalowo yochepa wotanganidwa gawo Chinese kunapezeka kuti mwachilungamo zodziwikiratu. Real mphamvu, monga chikominisi China, Pu Yi mu Manchukuo kunalibe. zikalata iye anali kuwerenga ndi kusainidwa iwo popanda kuwaonerera, pafupifupi pansi pa kulembedwa kwa Japanese "alangizi". Monga Nicholas II, amene Pu Yi sanalengedwa chifukwa boma weniweni, makamaka ngati chachikulu ndi mabvuto. Koma zinali mu Manchukuo mfumu yomaliza ya China akhoza kamodzinso kubwerera ku moyo bwino, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Yogona "mfumu" unali mzinda wa Changchun. Gawo la izi quasi-limati linali lalikulu kwambiri - makilomita lalikulu kuposa miliyoni ndipo anthu anthu 30 miliyoni. Mwa njira, chifukwa sanali kuzindikira kuti League of Nations Manchukuo Japan anayenera kusiya gulu limene anakhala zinachitika wa UN. Ndipotu chidwi kuti kwa zaka khumi, mpaka kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ndi Manchukuo anakhazikitsa asapita zamtendere ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia. Iwo Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo Italy, Romania, France, Denmark, Croatia, Hong Kong.

Eti, mu ulamuliro wa Pu Yi a zachuma Manchukuo bwino. Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha ndalama ndalama yaikulu ku Japan m'chigawo: kuchuluka migodi (miyala, malasha), kukhala ulimi ndi makampani lolemera.

Komanso, Pu Yi anali ansangala kwambiri ndi Japanese Mfumu Hirohito. Chifukwa cha kukumana naye Pu Ine kawiri anapita Japan.

Soviet ukapolo

Mu 1945 Red Army anathamangitsa asilikali Japanese m'malire awo kum'mawa ndipo anapita Manchukuo. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti Pu Yi adzakhala mwachangu anatumizidwa ku Tokyo. Komabe, asilikali a Soviet tidakocheza Mukden, ndi Pu Yi anatengedwa ndi ndege kuti Soviet Union. Iye ankayesa kuti "machimo nkhondo" kapena, makamaka chifukwa chakuti iye anali chidole cha boma Japanese.

Poyamba, mfumu yomaliza ya China anali mu Chita, kumene ndi mlandu atagwidwa. Chita anali kuwapititsa ku Khabarovsk, komwe anakakhalako mabungwe msasa POW apamwamba. Pali Pu Yi anali chiwembu kakang'ono ka dziko limene iye akanakhoza kuchita ulimi.

Pa ndondomeko Tokyo Pu Ine anaonekera umboni ndi zinanamiziranso Japan. Kubwerera ku China, iye sanafune, zivute zitani, choncho anaganizira kusamukira ku United States kapena Great Britain. Chinese achifumu akhagopa boma latsopano Chinese, kutsogozedwa ndi Mao Zedong. Ndalama paulendowu, iye anali, ngati ndolo ndi onse anakhala naye. Mu Chita Pu Ine anafuna ngakhale kudutsa Soviet nzeru kalata, umene wopita kwa pulezidenti Geri Trumenu, koma izo sizinachitike.

Bwererani ku China

Mu 1950, boma la Soviet chikalata Pu Ine China. Kumeneko, mfumu kale anaweruzidwa mwa nkhani yakuti "milandu nkhondo." Palibe kupatula kwa iye, sikuti anapereka. Pu Yi anakhala akaidi wamba maudindo iliyonse. Komabe, iye mwakachetechete kwambiri anatenga mavuto onse a moyo m'ndende.

Ali m'ndende, Pu Yi theka la ntchito nthawi imene yopanga mabokosi kwa mapensulo ndi zina - kuphunzira mfundo chikominisi zochokera ntchito za Karl Marx ndi Vladimir Lenin. Pamodzi ndi akaidi ena Pu Yi nawo pomanga m'ndende bwaloli, fakitare, ndi mwachangu kukonza gawo bwino.

M'ndende, Pu Yi anakumana kulekana ndi mkazi wake wachitatu, Li Yuqin.

Patatha zaka zisanu ndi zinayi m'ndende Pu Yi anapatsidwa ufulu kwa khalidwe labwino, ndi maganizo reeducation.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Anamasulidwa Pu Yi anali kukhala ku Beijing. Anayamba ntchito pa Botanical Garden, kumene iye ankachita nawo kulima maluwa. Apa, chochititsa chidwi, kunandithandiza kukhala mu ukapolo Union kumene Pu Yi unalinso pafupi pansi.

Sanalinso chilichonse sananene kapena adamfunsa chilichonse. Pokambirana anali waulemu, aulemu, wolemekezeka kudzichepetsa.

Udindo wa mbadwa wamba Chinese si vuto Pu Yi Iye anaphunzira zimene zinali mumtima, ndipo ntchito pa mbiri lake lotchedwa "Kuchokera Mfumu kwa nzika".

Mu 1961, Pu Yi limodzi ndi CCP ndi membala wa State Archives. Mu zaka 58, iye, mu mafuta kwa nsanamira mu Archive, anagwira ya Chinese Political kafukufuku Council.

Kumapeto kwa moyo Pu ndinakumana wachinayi (ndi Qiyama) mkazi wake, amene anali kukhala mpaka mapeto a masiku. dzina lake Lee Shuasyan. Iye ankagwira namwino ndi kubadwa kumodzi wolemekezeka sanathe kudzitama. Lee anali wamng'ono kwambiri Pu Yi, mu 1962 anali ndi zaka 37 zokha. Koma ngakhale kusiyana aakulu misinkhu, banjali anakhala zaka zisanu osangalala, mpaka mu 1967, Pu Yi amachoka khansa chiwindi.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Lee Shuasyan anali mkazi yekha wa mkazi Chinese, Pu Yi kwa mbadwa ya Manchuria, ndithudi, ndi kale lonse.

Tikaganizira pa Pu maliro ndipo anatenga PDA, motero kusonyeza ulemu kwa mfumu yomaliza ya China. thupi unachita kutenthedwa.

Ana pa Pu Yi sanali mmodzi wa akazi anayi.

Kodi Shuasyan atamwalira mu 1997, anapulumuka mwamuna wake kwa zaka makumi atatu.

Pu Yi mu mafilimu a kanema a

Mbiri ya Pu Yi anali zosangalatsa, kuti analengedwa zochokera kupenta "The Mfumu Last". A filimu za mfumu yomaliza ya China anatenga wotsogolera Italy Bernardo Bertolucci mu 1987.

Film otsutsa anatengerapo nkhani, amene wakhala nawo kwa mfumu yomaliza ya China: filimu analandira kuwerengera pafupifupi pazipita.

Chithunzi anali bwino chachikulu anapambana "Oscar" m'magulu naini, "Golden Globe" zinayi, ndi "Cesar" Mphoto "Felix" ndi "Grammy" ndi mphoto kwa Japanese Academy Mphotho.

Ndi mfumu yomaliza ya China, filimu yomwe anali bwinobwino anatembenuka moyo imeneyi mu dziko la chisunzo.

zokonda

Kuyambira ndili mwana, Pu Yi anachita chidwi ndi zimene zikuchitika. Iye anakopeka ndi zimene ananena nyama zomwe anali kumukonda kwambiri. Little Pu Yi ankakonda kusewera ndi ngamila zawo, kuonera kuona mmene bungwe moyo nyerere, nyongolotsi ayipanga. M'tsogolo, kumulakalaka chikhalidwe likhale lolimba yekha, pamene Pu Yi anakhala wantchito wa botanical.

Mtengo wa chitsanzo mu mbiri ya Pu Yi

Mwachitsanzo Pu Yi ndi khalidwe wa ndondomeko m'mbiri a XIX mochedwa - oyambirira XX atumwi. ufumu wake, komanso angapo European, osati amathandiza nthawi yatsopano ndipo sanathe kuyankha mafoni ake mwamsanga.

Last Chinese mfumu Pu Ndipo amene yonena zinali zovuta ndi zoopsa, anali mu njira inayake akapolo mbiriyakale.

Anali chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chuma feuds China kotero katundu ndi mkati pakati olemekezeka mphamvu zokwanira mwina Pu Yi m'kupita kuti akhale European ambiri a olamulira Asian. Komabe, kunapezeka mosiyana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, Pu Yi zabwino zoyenera mu chipani kommunististicheskuyu ndipo anayamba kuteteza zofuna zake.