Makhalidwe, mfundo, dongosolo, magawo, mawonekedwe a chiyanjano kuntchito. Maonekedwe a chiyanjano ndi ...

Kugwirizana pakati pa anthu, chikhalidwe, machitidwe, mawonekedwe a kukhazikitsidwa kwake akuonedwa kuti ndi mitundu yatsopano ya Russia. Komabe, ngakhale izi zakhala zikuchitika kale, zakhazikitsidwa kale kuti zithe kukhazikitsa mabungwe oyenerera. Tiyeni tione zomwe mfundo, mafomu, ndi dongosolo la chiyanjano ndizo.

Zochitika Zachikhalidwe

Chiyanjano, chikhalidwe, machitidwe, mawonekedwe ake omwe adalandira kulumikizana kwachidziwitso, ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera mikangano yowonjezera yomwe ikukhudzana ndi zolinga za olemba ntchito ndi antchito. Zimatanthawuza njira yolumikizana bwino pamaziko a mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa makampani oyang'anira ntchito ndi mabungwe ogulitsa ntchito. Lingaliro, maimidwe, mawonekedwe a chiyanjano ndiwo maziko a ntchito ya ILO. Bungwe ili pamagwirizano limagwirizanitsa oimira abwana, antchito ndi boma m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Kugwirizana, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa mabungwe onse ogwirizana, matupi awo ndi mamembala awo, kufalikira kwa chiwerengero cha kugawidwa kwa mgwirizano, kugwirizanitsa udindo wa magulu onse kuntchito yogwirizanitsa ntchito zawo, komanso kuwongolera thandizo lothandizira ndizofunikira kuti phindu likhale bwino.

Lingaliro ndi mawonekedwe a chiyanjano

Malingaliro angapo a bungwe lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito akuperekedwa m'mabuku. Komabe, chimodzi mwa zonse zenizeni ndi zolondola ndikutanthauzira kwotsatira. Kuyanjana ndi chikhalidwe ndi njira yodziwika bwino ya chikhalidwe pakati pa ntchito yomwe kugwirizanitsa ndi kutetezera zofuna za abwana (ogwira ntchito), ogwira ntchito, mabungwe a boma, mabungwe a boma akuyang'anira. Izi zimachitika pomaliza mgwirizano, mgwirizano, kufotokoza chikhumbo chofuna kukwaniritsa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha zachuma ndi ndale m'dzikoli. Maonekedwe a chiyanjano ndi njira zomwe zimagwirizanirana ndi maboma ndi boma. Amapanga mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ndi nkhani zomwe zilipo, zomwe zilipo, mitundu, komanso zochitika za akatswiri osiyanasiyana, zigawo ndi midzi.

Zinthu

Kuwunikira mafomu ndi mfundo za chiyanjano, akatswiri amaphunzira momwe zinthu zakhalira komanso zachuma za anthu osiyanasiyana, magulu ndi magulu, khalidwe la moyo wawo, zotheka komanso zowonjezera njira zopezera ndalama. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kugawidwa kwa chuma cha dziko mogwirizana ndi zokolola za ntchitoyi - ndipo zikuchitika panthawi yomweyi, ndipo yapangidwa kale. Magulu onsewa ndi zinthu zachiyanjano. Zimakhudzana ndi mapangidwe ndi kubwezeretsedwanso kwa kayendedwe kogwirizana pakati pa anthu. Kukhalapo kwake kumapangidwira ndi kugawa kwa ntchito, kusiyana pakati pa udindo ndi malo a magulu payekha.

Ophunzira

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi mgwirizano wapamtima ulipo mu mgwirizano wapamtima ndi ophunzira mu chiyanjano. Zolinga za antchito ziyenera kuphatikizapo:

1. Zogwirizanitsa, zomwe pang'onopang'ono zimataya mphamvu zawo ndipo sizikhala malo atsopano muchuma.
2. Zochita zapagulu. Iwo amachokera ku kayendetsedwe kayekha kwa antchito ndipo sagwirizanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wamayiko omwe kale anapangidwa, kapena mwambo kapena chiyambi.
3. Mapangidwe a dziko. Iwo amatumikira monga magulu a boma a kayendetsedwe ka magulu osiyanasiyana.
4. Ntchito zambiri, kuphatikizapo antchito olemba ntchito, malonda-democracy.

Kwa olemba ntchito mu chiyanjano chazochita nawo mbali:

1. Mabungwe oyang'anira mabungwe a boma. Pogwiritsa ntchito malonda, malonda, makampani, akupeza ufulu wodzilamulira komanso ufulu wawo.
2. Oyang'anira ndi eni eni makampani. Iwo akhala akugwira ntchito pokhapokha kuchokera ku zigawo za boma kuyambira pachiyambi cha maphunziro.
3. Kusagwirizana kwa anthu ndi ndale za amalonda, maofesi, ogwira ntchito zamakampani.

Pa gawo la boma, maphunziro a chiyanjano ndi awa:

1. Mabungwe akuluakulu andale ndi anthu. Sizimagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndipo sizigwirizana ndi antchito kapena olemba ntchito. Choncho, iwo alibe zotsatira zogwirizana pa mgwirizano mu gawo la kupanga.
2. Dipatimenti za zachuma ndi mautumiki. Iwo sali ndi udindo weniyeni pa ntchito yopanga, koma iwo ali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza zenizeni pa mabungwe ogulitsa.
3. Mabungwe a boma omwe amalamulira pamsika wogwira ntchito pamlingo waukulu.

Mavuto a Maphunziro a Institute

Lingaliro, maimidwe, mawonekedwe a chiyanjano, monga tanenera pamwambapa, akukhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mapangidwe a bungwe lonselo ndi lovuta komanso lalitali. Mayiko ambiri kwazaka makumi angapo adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa dongosolo la chiyanjano monga chikhalidwe chimodzi cha malamulo a ntchito. Ku Russia, njira yopanga Institute inavuta ndi zochitika ziwiri. Choyamba, dzikoli silinkadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito dongosololi mu nthawi ya Socialist. Choncho, panalibe kukhazikitsidwa kwachikhalidwe mu TC, chifukwa malingaliro a chikomyunizimu anakana kufunika koti azigwiritse ntchito mu ulamuliro. Chosafunikira kwenikweni chinali chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chiwonongeko cha paradigm yomwe kale inalipo, mphamvu ya ufulu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kupanga. Zifukwa izi zachititsa kuti ntchito ya boma ikhale yocheperapo pa ntchito, ndipo, motero, kuchepa kwa chitetezo cha nzika. Panopa, n'zovuta kupeza chinthu chomwe chimakayikira kufunikira kwa chiyanjano monga njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera mtendere wa anthu, kusunga zofuna za abwana ndi ogwira ntchito, kuonetsetsa kuti chitukuko chokhazikika cha dziko lonse chikukhazikika.

Udindo wa boma

Muzochitika za mdziko za kukhazikitsa mtundu wa maubwenzi apadera malo apadera amaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu. Choyamba, ndi boma lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zotsata malamulo ndi zochitika zina zomwe zimakhazikitsa malamulo ndi njira zomwe zimakhazikitsa malamulo. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, akuluakulu a boma ayenera kukhala mkhalapakati ndi chigamulo pothetsa mikangano yosiyana pakati pa maphwando ku chiyanjano. Mabungwe a boma, kuphatikizapo, ayambitse ntchito yofalitsa mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya mgwirizano. Pakalipano, kufunika kwa boma ndi zigawo za boma sikuyenera kukhala kokha kukhudzidwa kwa olemba ntchito kukwaniritsa udindo weniweni wokhudzana ndi katundu wokhudzana ndi chuma chomwe chikugwirizana ndi zolinga zadziko ndi zachuma ndi ndondomeko za boma komanso siziphwanya malamulo a dziko. Mphamvu pazomwezi sizingatheke kuchoka ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zoyang'anira. Kuyang'aniridwa kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pazomwe chikhalidwe cha demokarasi chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi matupi a boma ovomerezeka.

Zopangira zofunika za dongosolo

Boma limadzitengera palokha udindo wokhala ndi malamulo ovomerezeka. Makamaka, TC imakonza mfundo zofunikira za chiyanjano, zimakhazikitsa machitidwe onse ndi chikhalidwe cha malamulo a maubwenzi omwe amapangidwira muchuma ndi kupanga. Malangizo omwe akukambiranawo akuchokera pa:

1. Kufanana kwa maphwando.
2. Kuwerengera ndi kulemekeza zofuna za ophunzira.
3. Kuwathandiza boma kuti likhazikitse ndi kulimbitsa dongosolo pa maziko a demokalase.
4. Chisangalalo pakupanga mgwirizano.
5. Kugwirizana ndi lamulo muzochita zochitika.
6. Ulamuliro wa oimira omwe ali nawo pachibwenzi.
7. Ufulu wosankha pokambirana za mavuto okhudzana ndi ntchito.
8. Kudzipereka mwaufulu.
9. Chowonadi cha mawu a mgwirizano ndi mapangano.
10. Zolinga za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo osakhazikika.
11. Kusunga kutsata mgwirizano, mgwirizano.
12. Udindo wa ophunzira ndi oimira awo chifukwa cholephera kutsatira zomwe zilipo chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo.

Njira zofunikira zogwirizana

Kutchulidwa kwa iwo kuli mu Art. 27 TC. Malingana ndi chikhalidwe, mawonekedwe a chiyanjano ndi:

1. Zokambirana zokhazikika pa kulembera mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ndi zochitika zawo.
2. Kuyanjana kwa nthumwi za olemba ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito kumayesetsedwe kazengerezedwe.
3. Kufunsana pazokambirana za zochitika ndi maubwenzi ena omwe akugwirizana nawo, kutsimikizira ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ndi kuwongolera malamulo.
4. Kugwira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito ndi oimira awo pakuyang'anira ntchito.

Ndikoyenera kunena kuti asanalandire TC, Chidziwitso cha mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha bungwe lomwe likuyang'aniridwa linali logwira ntchito. Inavomerezedwa ndi ntchito yapadera yokhala ndi maulendo atatu omwe amalembedwa kuti apange kayendetsedwe ka chuma ndi chuma (RTK). Malingana ndi izo, kutenga nawo mbali kwa ogwira ntchito (oimira antchito) mu kayendetsedwe ka ntchitoyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yogwirizanirana ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuthetsa kusamvana kwa mayesero

Kugwira nawo ntchito kwa olemba ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito akukhala ndi zinthu zambiri. Chigamulo choyesa chiyeso chimangotanthauza makani okha, chifukwa mikangano yapadera siinayankhidwe ndi makhoti. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a chiyanjano ichi padziko lapansi, malamulo a Art. 382-388 TC. Makhalidwe amenewa amadziwitsanso njira yopezera chiyanjano cha ophunzirawo. Malamulo oyendetsa mikangano yothandizira, kupatula pa sitepe ya mgwirizano, amatsatira mfundo za chiyanjano. Akatswiri, akufufuza Art. 27, tibweretse kumapeto kuti chizoloŵezi chiri ndi zolakwika za kutanthauzira. Makamaka, akatswiri akufuna kuti asinthe malingaliro a mawonekedwe a chiyanjano omwe amapereka kuthetsa mikangano kwa yotsatira - kutenga nawo mbali kwa nthumwi za olemba ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito m'ndondomeko yowonjezera komanso yowonongeka. Pankhaniyi, omalizawo adzasonyeza kuthekera kwa kuthetsa aliyense, komanso zoyamba zotsutsana.

Zenizeni za magulu

Mitundu yowonongeka ya chiyanjano kwa nthawi yoyamba imayikidwa mu Chilamulo cha Leningrad Region. Mmenemo, magulu awa akufotokozedwa ngati mitundu yeniyeni yothandizira pakati pa mabungwe kulenga ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi zachuma ndi zachuma ndi mafakitale. M'mafotokozedwe a TC, mawonekedwe a chiyanjano amatengedwa ngati njira zothetsera maubwenzi a anthu kuti athetse antchito ndi maubwenzi ena okhudzana nawo. Palinso kutanthauzira kofunikira m'malamulo am'deralo.

Zowonjezera

Pofufuza kafukufuku wamakono, akatswiri amanena kuti angathe kuwonjezera zojambulajambula. 27. Makamaka, malinga ndi akatswiri, mawonekedwe a mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi awa:

1. Kupereka ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zachuma kwa anthu, kuti cholinga chawo chikhale cholimbikitsana ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ulimi.
2. Kupititsa patsogolo, kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zisankho.
3. Kupititsa patsogolo njira zabwino zothetsera maubwenzi ndi anthu ogwira ntchito.
4. Ntchito zofanana za otsogolera m'ma komiti ndi nyumba zina zovomerezeka.
5. Kugwirizanitsa polemba ndikugonjera msonkhano wa malamulo wa m'deralo zojambula zochitika pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi zachuma.
6. Kutsimikiza kwa ndondomeko yowonjezereka kwazogwirizanitsa zigwirizano ndi zovomerezeka kwa ogwira ntchito omwe sanalowe nawo m'ndende, omwe alibe zolemba pamodzi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo kuti adzalandire ntchitozi.
7. Thandizo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu ovomerezeka.

Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, zosankha pamwambapa zili ndi zofooka zingapo. Choyamba pazimene zimaphatikizapo zigawo zina, zogwirizana ndi nyumba zomwe zimaloledwa kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe a chiyanjano chokhazikitsidwa mu lamulo la derali amathandizira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu za omwe ali nawo mgwirizano, poyerekeza ndi Art. 27 TC. Chizoloŵezi, chomwe chimaperekedwa mwachizoloŵezi monga mndandanda wazinthu zonse, chingathe kuwonjezeredwa ndikukwaniritsidwa ndi Code lomwelo ndi zina zomwe zimachitika mwachibadwa. Ndime yoyenera ikupezeka m'nkhaniyi. Makamaka, akunena kuti mawonekedwe a chiyanjano angathe kukhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a dera, mgwirizano wa mgwirizano / mgwirizano, ntchito ya kuderalo .

Art. 26 TC

Mafomu ndi magawo a chiyanjano ndizofunikira zogwirizanitsa chikhazikitso. TC sichitanthauzira momveka bwino, koma mndandanda, ndondomeko ndi zikhalidwe za zinthu zimaperekedwa. Kotero, mu luso. 26 ya Malamulo amatsimikizira kuti federal, sectoral, regional, regional and local level level. Kusanthula magulu omwe atchulidwa, akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti kuphwanya malingaliro omanga mndandanda. Akatswiri amavomereza zomwe amakhulupirira chifukwa chakuti pali magulu ogawanika ndi zoyenera.

Cholinga cha malo

Ubale wa anthu ulipo ku federal, municipalities, m'madera komanso m'magulu. Mndandanda uwu ukuwoneka wosakwanira. Muzojambula. 26 TC sizitchulapo chimodzi - chigawo cha federal. Mu Meyi 2000, Pulezidenti adasaina Chigamulo pa mapangidwe a zigawo. Malinga ndi zochitikazi, oimira a Mtsogoleri wa boma adasankhidwa ndipo maofesi oyimila adatsegulidwa. Pakalipano, mgwirizano wa 2 kapena 3 wa chipani watsekedwa m'zigawo zonse za federal. Zili zofunika pakukhazikitsa malo amodzi ndi azachuma kwa chigawo, kutsimikizira kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu, ufulu wa nzika zogwira ntchito, chitukuko cha chiyanjano, ndi zina zotero.

Zolemba zamakampani

Mafomu ndi machitidwe a chiyanjano omwe alipo pa gawo la chigawo amaperekedwa ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera zofanana ndi zochitika za mderalo, miyambo yakale ndi miyambo, ndi zina. Mu malamulo a nkhani za Russian Federation, kupatula monga momwe ziliri ndi Art. 26 TC, siteji yapadera (chingwe) imakhazikitsidwa. Pa mlingo uwu, maubwenzi apamtima akutha.

Kutsiliza

Akatswiri ena amati akuwonjezera kujambula. 26 TC yapadziko lonse ndi mgwirizano. Komabe, kulowetsedwa kwakumapetoko kumawoneka kuti sikunayambe nthawi. Ngati tikulankhula za msinkhu wa chiyanjano, kuwonjezera pa mndandanda womwe ulipo sikungatheke. Izi ziyenera chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ichi. Pachikhalidwe ichi, ziwonetsero za bungwe, zamagulu, zamagulu ndi zamitundu zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka malinga ndi zochitika za mgwirizano wa Russian Federation ndi mayiko ena, poganizira malamulo okhudzana ndi malamulo a anthu ogwira ntchito. Kuti afotokoze mkhalidwewo, akatswiri akufuna kuti asinthe kumasulira kwa Art. 26. Malingaliro awo, nkhaniyi iyenera kuwonetsa kuti gawoli ndi gawo la Russian Federation, lofotokozedwa molingana ndi malamulo otsogolera (Constitution, MO malamulo ndi mabungwe, mabungwe a boma, etc.). Kugwira ntchito kwa bungwe likuchitika m'dziko lonse, m'zigawo, m'madera, kumatauni komanso kumayiko ena.