Zinoviev Grigory Evseyevich: biography, zithunzi ndi zochititsa chidwi

Wolemba wotchuka wotchedwa Russian revolutionary Zinoviev Grigory (zaka za moyo 1883-1936) nayenso anali wolamulira wa Soviet ndi ndale. Malinga ndi buku lina, dzina lake lenileni linali Radomyslsky Ousei-Gershon (Evsei-Gershon) Aronovich; Pazinthu zina, dzina lake ndi Hirsch (Hersh) Apfelbaum (pa mayi). Mbiri yachidule ya Grigory Zinoviev inakhala nkhani ya ndemanga yathu.

Ubwana ndi banja

Zinoviev anabadwira Grigory Yevseyevich (muphunzire mwachidule za munthu uyu kuchokera mu nkhaniyi) mu 1883, pa September 11 (23), mumzinda wa Elisavetgrad (wamakono a Kropivnitsky) m'chigawo cha Kherson. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1924, mzinda wa kwawo kwa zaka khumi zonse unkatchedwa Zinovievsk. Bambo ake Aaron Radomyslsky, amene anali ndi famu ya mkaka, anam'patsa maphunziro apamwamba.

Ali ndi zaka 14, Zinoviev adakakamizika kugwira ntchito monga aphunzitsi ndi maphunziro, popeza banja lake linali losauka.

Mkazi woyamba wa Grigory Evseevich anali katswiri wamasinthidwe, Ravich Sarra Naumovna, amenenso amadziwika kuti ndi Olga. Anali membala wa RSDLP, amene adaloledwa kanthawi ndi Commissioner wa Interior of Northern Northern Region, adagwidwa mobwerezabwereza.

Mkazi wotsatira wa Zinoviav anali Lilina Zlata Ionovna, amenenso amadziwika pansi pa chinyengo dzina lake Zina Levin. Anagwiranso ntchito mu RSDLP, wogwira ntchito ku Petrosoviet, adagwirizana ndi nyuzipepala Pravda ndi Zvezda. Iye anabala mwana wa Zinoviev - Radomyslsky Stefan Grigorievich. Ali ndi zaka 29 anamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.

Mkazi wachitatu wa Radomyslsky anali Evgenia Yakovlevna Lasman. Anakhala zaka pafupifupi 20 ali kundende komanso kundende.

Ntchito yowonongeka

Ali ndi zaka 18 (1901), Zinoviev adakhala membala wa RSDLP ndipo adayamba kutenga nawo mbali pa kayendedwe ka kusintha. Anakonza zochitika ku Novorossia, zomwe anazunzidwa ndi apolisi. Pofuna kuzunzidwa, mu 1902 Radomyslsky anachoka ku Berlin, kenako anasamukira ku Paris ndi ku Berne pachaka. Mu 1903, anali komweko kuti adziŵane ndi Lenin, ndipo pambuyo pake adamuyandikira kwambiri ndikuyamba kuimira bungwe la European Socialist.

Mu 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, yemwe chithunzi chake mukuchiwona, adalumikizana ndi a Bolsheviks, ndipo pa Second Congress ya RSDLP anathandiza Lenin. M'chaka chomwecho, kusintha kwa dzikoli kunabwerera ku Ukraine, kumene iye amalengeza mwakhama.

Chaka chotsatira, chifukwa cha matenda a mtima, Radomyslsky adachokanso m'dzikoli, akubwerera ku Bern. Kumeneko anayamba kuphunzira, kulembetsa ku yunivesite kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, koma patatha chaka chimodzi adasokonezeka kuti apite nawo ku revolution (1905-1907). Ku Russia, adali kuyembekezera kukhala membala ku Komiti ya Petersburg ya RSDLP. Matenda atsopanowa adayambitsa Zinoviev kubwerera ku Berne, koma ayamba kuphunzira ku Faculty of Law. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1906, adabwerera ku St. Petersburg, adakhala mbali ya Komiti Yaikulu (Lenin adalandira mavoti angapo) ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito monga mkonzi m'mabuku a nyuzipepala ya Vperyod ndi Sotsial-Demokrat (zofalitsa pansi pano). Ntchito yake ikugwidwa mu 1908, chifukwa cha matenda patadutsa miyezi itatu ndikumasulidwa ku Austria Galicia ndi Lenin.

Kumeneko Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yambiri, adalandira ndalama zambiri kwa Party Bolshevik kupyolera mwa wotchuka wotchuka Parvus. Apolisi a ku Austria ankakhulupirira kuti Zinoviav anagwidwa ndi nzeru za ku France.

Revolution

Mu April 1917 Zinoviev ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri Zlatai Lilina, mwana wawo Stefan, mkazi woyamba wa Sarah Ravich ndi Lenin anabwerera ku Russia mu galimoto yosindikizidwa. Pambuyo pa masiku a Julayi, Radomyslsky ndi Lenin anali kubisala pa Nyanja Razliv kuchokera ku Boma Loyamba (tsopano liri ndi chipilala ndipo chaka chilichonse amamanga nyumba). Iwo ankakayikira kuti anali azitenga komanso wogwirizana ndi Austria ndi Hungary.

Mu October 1917, msonkhano waukulu wa Komiti Yachigawo ya Bolshevik inachitikira, komwe Zinoviev ndi Lev Kamenev adalengeza kuti kuwonongedwa kwa Boma lokonzekera pasanapite nthawi ndipo sanagwirizane ndi chigamulo cha Leninist. Ntchito yawo mu The New Life (Mensheviks) inachititsa kuti anthu athamangitsidwe kuchokera ku phwando, koma adaganiza zokana kuwaletsa kulankhula.

Pamene a Bolshevik ndi a Socialist-Revolutionaries adagonjetsa mphamvu ku Petrograd, Zinoviev, ndi Lev Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, ndi Viktor Nogin adayankhula kukambirana ndi Vigel ndikuloleza kuti ayanjanitse maphwando mu boma limodzi lachikhalidwe. Lenin ndi Trotsky analekanitsa zokambiranazi, ndipo pa November 4 anayi, ndi Vladimir Milyutin, omwe adagwirizana nawo, adachoka ku Komiti Yaikulu. Lenin anayankha powauza kuti akuwombera - adanena izi mwa chifuniro chake cha ndale.

Nkhondo Yachiweniweni

Cha kumapeto kwa 1917, Zinoviev analoledwa kubwerera ku ndale. Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, iye adagwira ntchito za pulezidenti wa Petrograd Soviet, Council of People's Commissars za Union of Communes ku Northern Region, Komiti ya Revolutionary Defense ya Petrograd.

Kupeza mphamvu zopanda malire kunawononga Zinoviev. Pamene aliyense anali ndi njala, adakonza phwando labwino kwa anthu ake. Poyambitsa yekha, mabungwe olemera komanso osagwira ntchito anali atasiya makadi a tirigu. Panthawi imeneyo, masauzande ambirimbiri adagwa m'gulu lino. Iwo anali atawonongedwa kwenikweni ndi njala.

Zinoviev Grigory Evseevich (yemwe mumamufotokozera mwachidule nkhaniyi) poyamba anakana "kuopseza" pambuyo pa kuyesedwa kwa Lenin ndi kuphedwa kwa Volodarsky ndi Uritsky, zomwe Lenin anadzudzula kwambiri. Anatsutsanso za kusamutsidwa kwa likulu ku Moscow.

Zinoviev adayambanso udindo wa Lenin, wothandizira Pangano la Brest-Litovsk, ndipo posakhalitsa anabwezeredwa ku Central Committee ndi mamembala mu Politburo yatsopano. Anamukhulupilira iye ndi pulezidenti wa Komiti Yogwira Ntchito ya Comintern, kumene adayambitsa lingaliro la "Social fascism".

Zinoviev anatenga nawo mbali pakukonzekera "mantha oopsa" a intelligentsia a Petrograd, omwe adatchedwanso "Grishka the Third" (poyerekezera ndi Otrepiev ndi Rasputin).

Ndi utsogoleri wa Petrograd Zinoviev, chiwerengero cha mzindawo chinachepetsedwa ndi anthu oposa 4 miliyoni. Ambiri a iwo anangochoka mumzindawo, koma gawo lalikulu la iwo anafera chifukwa cha njala ndi kuwombera. Kukhudzidwa ndi mavuto a mafuta - m'nyengo yozizira mzindawu sunangowonjezera mafuta.

Pali lingaliro lakuti zochitika zotero za Zinoviev zinali njira yochepetsera "osalumikiza zinthu".

Pa nthawi imeneyo anthu ankawomberedwa ndi mazana, zojambula za Zinoviev zinali zankhanza kwambiri. Pali lingaliro lakuti ichi chinayankhulidwa ndi kusimidwa, mantha chifukwa cha imfa ya kusintha.

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1921, Zinoviev anali membala wa Politburo ndipo ankafuna maudindo akuluakulu. Panthaŵi imeneyo analimbikitsa cholowa cha Lenin, anasindikiza mabuku ambiri, ndipo ntchito yake inayamba kusindikizidwa.

Zinoviev anachita nawo mwakhama kuzunzidwa kwa atsogoleri a Orthodox, pamene a Bolshevik anachotsa mwatcheru zoyenera za tchalitchi. Ku Petrograd, imene kenako analamulira, mlandu unachitikira, pamene ansembe 10 anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, kuphatikizapo Arrmandrite Sergius ndipo pambuyo pake anadziwika kuti ophedwa opatulika Metropolitan Veniamin.

Zinoviev adagwira nawo mbali pa kukwera kwa Stalin, ndipo adakhudzidwa ndi udindo wake monga Secretary General wa Komiti Yaikulu ya RCP mu 1923. Iye sanachite mwachisomo chaumwini, koma ndi cholinga chokopa kulimbana ndi Trotsky.

Lenin atamwalira

Lenin atamwalira, Trotsky ndi Zinoviev adakhalabe akudziyesa okha.

M'zaka zimenezo, maudindo a Zinoviav anali ovuta kwambiri. Anapempha kuti chiwonongeko cha anthuwa chiwonongeke komanso kuti awononge midzi kuti azifulumizitsa makampani. Ndi amene adanena mosakayika kuti kunali koyenera kuononga mbali ya anthu a ku Russia, popeza a Bolshevik sakanakhoza kubwezeretsa aliyense mwa njira yawo.

Zinoviev anafuna kukonzekera kusintha kwa dziko. A Communist anayesa kulanda mphamvu ku Hungary, Germany, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Zonsezi zinayambitsa imfa zambiri komanso ndalama zowonongeka.

Kupyolera mu Comintern, Zinoviev Grigory, a revolutionary, anabweretsa ndalama zamanyazi ku mabanki akumadzulo.

Chipembedzo cha umunthu

Ngakhale kuti Zinoviev adamudzudzula poyera Stalin, koma umunthu wake wachipembedzo iye adalenga kale ndipo anawukakamiza kwambiri. Anatcha dzina lake dzina lake Zinovievsk kuti apitirize dzina lake. M'mizinda ikuluikulu yambiri, malemba ndi mabasi anaikidwa ndi dongosolo lake. Iye adafalitsa ntchito yake yonse (mavoti 33).

Kutsutsa kwatsopano

Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri zokha, Zinoviev ndi Kamnev akutsutsana ndi Stalin. Zotsatira zake, amalephera kutsogolera ku Komiti Yoyang'anira Kominiti ndi Lensoviet, yoyamba kuchotsedwa ku Politburo, ndipo patapita chaka kuchokera ku Komiti Yaikulu. Chotsatira chimachokera ku phwando ndi kulumikizana.

Mu 1928, Zinoviev Grigory, yemwe banja lake nayenso anazunzidwa, analapa, ndipo anabwezeretsedwa ku phwando, akuika woyang'anira ku yunivesite ya Kazan. Pambuyo pa zaka zinayi za zolemba ndi zolemba zochitika, kumangidwa ndi kuthamangidwanso, koma nthawi ino ya nedoinoyatelstvo. M'bukuli, amamasulira Mein Kampf ("My Struggle") ya Hitler. Mu 1933, mabaibulo angapo omasuliridwawo anafalitsidwa (anaphunzira ndi antchito a chipani).

M'malo mwa zaka zinayi kuchokera ku ukapolo, chaka chotsatira Zinoviev abwereranso ku phwando ndipo anatumizidwa ku Tsentrosoyuz. Pamsonkhano wa phwando, akulapa ndikulemekeza Stalin ndi anzake. Anali Zinoviev yemwe nthawi imeneyo ankatchedwa Stalin "wokalamba wa nthawi zonse ndi anthu."

Chigamulo ndi khoti

Mu December 1934, Zinoviev anagwidwanso, analamulidwa kukhala m'ndende zaka 10. Malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amanena, mlanduwu unali wothandizira kupha Kirov, mfundo imeneyi inagwedezeka ndi Stalin. Pamene ali mu Verkhneuralsk politicizer, amasungira zolemba, ndikuyamikira kwa Stalin ndi zitsimikizo kuti sali mdani wake ndipo ali wokonzeka kutsatira zomwe akufuna.

Stalin ndi omutsatira ake mwakhama amagwiritsa ntchito chiyambi cha Zinoviev ndi Kamenev, kufalitsa mphekesera kuti otsutsa ndi Ayuda ndi aluntha.

Panthawiyi, chiwonetsero cha Zinoviev sichinatsatidwe, ndipo mu 1936 "mlandu wa khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi" unachitikira, kumene atsogoleri a chipani adayesedwa. Pa August 24 adasankha kupha anthu - chilango chachikulu. Tsiku lina chigamulocho chinaphedwa.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu 1988 chigamulochi chinachotsedwa, podziwa kuti palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu.

Pali umboni wakuti pamene Zinoviev ankafufuza anafunsidwa kubwezera ndalama za Comintern. Anabwezeretsapo gawo la ndalamazo, zomwe adazitenga ndipo sanakhale ndi nthawi yogwiritsa ntchito kapena ndalama. Pambuyo pake, Stalin sanafunikire.

Ataphunzira za khalidwe la Zinoviev asanamwalire, Stalin anadandaula pansi, akunena kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri kuyika ena pakhoma.

Pa nthawi ya kumangidwa kwa Zinoviev ankasungidwa mumkhalidwe wovuta. Mu kutentha mu selo, Kutentha kunayambika mochuluka momwe zingathere. Mavuto ndi impso ndi chiwindi ndi zikhalidwe zoterezi zinapangitsa mkaidi kuzunzika kwakukulu - kuchokera ku ululu iye anagudubuza pansi ndikupempha kuti apite kuchipatala. M'malo mwa chithandizo chofunikira, madokotala anamupatsa mankhwala omwe anawonjezera matendawa.

Panthawi ya ndende zowawa kwambiri pambuyo pa moyo wabwino ndi wopindulitsa, Grigory Evseyevich Zinoviev anagwetsa pansi ndipo misonzi inapempha Stalin kuthetsa bwalolo.

Stalin analonjeza Zinoviev ndi Kamenev kuti aziwalola kukhala ndi mabanja awo ngati angavomereze mlandu ndi zotsutsa zonse ndipo akunena ena a mabolshevik akale. Malo amtunduwu anali kuweruzidwa kukhoti, koma moyo sunapulumutse oweruzawo.

Imfa

Zinoviev anawomberedwa usiku wa August 26, 1936. Izi zinachitika mukumanga kwa VKVS (Moscow). Mboni zinakumbukira kuti Zinoviev anachititsidwa manyazi ndikupempha chifundo, kumpsyopsyona nsapato za ophwanya chigamulo, ndipo pamapeto pake sakanatha kuyenda yekha, kotero mamita otsiriza adamukoka. Asanaphedwe, anayamba kuwerenga mapemphero m'Chiheberi. Kamenev, woweruza pamodzi naye, adamulangiza kuti asiye manyazi ndipo afe ndi ulemu. Palinso njira ina, malinga ndi zomwe Zinoviev ankayenera kutengedwera pamtambasula kuti aphedwe.

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Zinoviev mu 1988, adatamandidwa kwa zaka zingapo, monga wopanda mlandu wa wozunzidwa pansi pa zolemba za Stalinist.

Zithunzi za achibale

Akazi onse a ku Zinoviev anagonjetsedwa. Mkazi woyamba wa Sarah Ravich anagwidwa katatu, kenaka adatsitsimutsidwa ndi kumasulidwa ku matenda aakulu patatha zaka zitatu asanamwalire, mu 1954.

Mkazi wachiwiri Zlata Lilina anamangidwa kawiri ndipo anatumizidwa ku ukapolo, koma mosiyana ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, adapulumuka imfa. Mwana wa Zinoviev anamwalira chaka chotsatira pambuyo pake. Pambuyo pa kuwombera kwa Gregory, ntchito zonse za Lilina (makamaka zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazamasukulu ndi zolimbikira ntchito) zinachotsedwa m'mabuku.

Mkazi wachitatu wa Zinoviev Evgenia Lyasman anamangidwa kwa zaka pafupifupi 20. Anatulutsidwa mu 1954, ndipo adakonzedwanso m'zaka zana zotsatira - mu 2006. Ponena za mwamuna wake, iye analemba zolemba, koma analetsedwa kufalitsa ndi achibale.

Nkhani

Kufunika kwa Zinoviev m'mbiri ndi zochitika zandale kunkawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza m'mafilimu. Filimu yoyamba inali "Oktoba" - kulengedwa kwachete kwa Eisenstein. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti Zinoviev idasewera ndi Apfelbaum - mbale wake. Zina mwa mafilimu otchedwa "Blue Notebook", "M'masiku a October", "Red", "Red Bells", "Lenin. Maphunziro "," Stalin "," Pansi pa chizindikiro cha Scorpion "ndi mndandanda wa TV" Yesenin ".

Maganizo a anthu apakati

Mbiri yachidule ya Grigory Zinoviev, njira imodzi, yodabwitsa kwa anthu ambiri amasiku ano. Kodi lingaliro la anthu ndi chiyani za munthu uyu? Panthawiyi sankamenyana bwino ndi Zinoviev. Iwo adziwa nzeru ndi chikhalidwe chake, komanso adazindikira kuti anali wamantha komanso wodabwitsa.

Anthu pafupi ndi Zinoviev adalankhula za kusowa kwake kudziletsa, zachabechabe komanso zofuna, komanso makhalidwe oipa.

Makomera a chipani anadzudzula Zinoviev chifukwa cha kunyansa ndi zosavuta kusankha njira zothandizira kupindula kwaokha ndi ndale.

Panthawi ya njala ku Petrograd, zakudya zosiyanasiyana zinabweretsedwa patebulo la Zinoviev. Kunanenedwa kuti khunyu ndi njira yodzichepetsa ya Gregory woyendetsa zinthu anayamba kukhala kofunika ndi kunyansidwa kwa "chitovu chodzaza kwambiri," chomwe chinaphatikiza ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu anjala.

M'miyambo ya anthu a m'nthawi ya Zinoviev apo pali mawu okhudza kukhalapo kwa Leningrad wa chipembedzo cha umunthu wake.