Masamba a mbiri ya Dziko Lachiwiri: nkhondo yachitini pafupi ndi Senno, July 1941

Nkhondo ya Senno (kapena kuti Lepel counterattack) yomwe inachitikira pa July 6-10, 1941, idakali yosadziwikiratu kwa anawo, ngakhale kuti ponena za kuchuluka kwa matanki omwe amagwira nawo ntchito, ikufanana kwambiri ndi nkhondo ya Prokhorovka pa Nkhondo ya Kursk. Monga zochitika zina za Red Army za nthawi imeneyo, opaleshoniyi inali njira ina yopambana yolepheretsa anthu a ku Germany kukwiyitsa panthawi yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Kukonda Dziko. Mwa njira zambiri, ndendende chifukwa cha kulephera kwa nkhondo ya Soviet ku Byelorussia, iye anakhalabe chosawerengeka chomwe sichinafananidwenso mobwerezabwereza cha nyengo yoopsa yachilimwe-yomalizira ya 1941.

Zochitika za opaleshoni

Nkhondo yamagazi pafupi ndi Senno inali kuyesayesa kotsirizira kwa ankhondo a Red Army kuti apange tizilombo tankhondo ndi timagulu tanki. Nkhondoyo itatha, mitembo yamakono inathera, ndipo kuyesayesa kwina kulimbana ndi zomwe mdaniyo anachita mu 1941 kunayambidwa ndi maulendo apanyanja. Sabata yachiwiri la nkhondo yatha, ndipo a Germany adutsa kale makilomita 500 - theka la kumalire ku Moscow. Nkhondo ya Senno itayamba, chiopsezo chachikulu cha Wehrmacht chidayamba kale kutsogolo kwa Vitebsk ndi Orsha.

Lamulo lalikulu la ankhondo a Germany kuyambira pachiyambi linasankha gawo lalikulu la Eastern Front ngati njira yowonongeka ku Soviet Union. Bungwe la Army Group linayendetsedwa kuno - mwa zina, ilo linadutsa magulu ena awiri a kumwera ndi kumpoto pamodzi. Mafakitale a Germany anali ndi 2 nd ndi 3 rd Tank Group - ponseponse panali magulu okwana 7 ndi magulu 9 a tank.

Kukula kwakukulu kumeneku kunachititsa kuti zikhale zotheka kufotokoza zakuya ndi kuzungulira asilikali a Soviet. Mbali za Western Front zinalidi kugonjetsedwa mofulumira. Pofika pa July 3, Ajeremani adasokoneza njira yomaliza yotsutsana. Kuwonongeka kwa Soviet kunali kwakukulu - pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu a magulu onse apambali. Mu magawo omwe achoka ku "boilers" panali anthu 1 mpaka 2 zikwi. Zida zonse zolemetsa (ndege, matanki, zida zankhondo) zinatayika. Njirayi inaponyedwa pamsewu. Lamulo la kutsogolo kwa kulephera uku linamangidwa ndi kuwombera (kuphatikizapo General Dmitry Pavlov). Zikatero, nkhondo ya Senno inayamba. Chaka cha 1941 chinali chaka choopsa kwambiri pa nkhondo, ndipo chokonzekera chokonzekera chinalonjezedwa kuti sichidzakhala chochepa kwambiri pazinthu za imfa ya anthu kusiyana ndi kuyesayesa koyambitsa anthu a ku Germany.

Pulogalamu ya Counterstrike

Lingaliro lachitsulo cha Lepel chinali kukantha matanki a Wehrmacht musanayambe maulendo a maulendo omwe anali kuyandikira kuchokera ku Minsk kuti adziphatikize nawo. Ndondomekoyi inali yofanana ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu zankhondo - kuswa adani m'madera ena. Kuwonjezera apo, zomwe zinachitikira masabata awiri oyambirira a kukangana ndi a Germany zinasonyeza kuti magulu a zigawenga omwe amamenyana ndi zigawenga zapamadzi ndizovuta kwambiri. Choncho, zinkawoneka zomveka kuchita zochitika zotsutsana ndi mphamvu zofooka za Wehrmacht. Izi zinkayenera kuti zikhazikitsidwe pa njira ya nkhondo ya Senno.

July 1941 si nthawi yoipitsitsa yowonongeka m'dera lino. Ambiri mwa magulu a Germany sanasunthire kummawa, koma kumpoto chakum'maŵa - utsogoleri wa Wehrmacht unayeserera kuwoloka Western Dvina mwamsanga . M'deralo la Soviet strike okha adagonjetsa adani adakali (17 ndi 7 Panzer), ngakhale anali mphamvu yaikulu.

Pa Eva pa Nkhondo

Madzulo a July 4, Semen Timoshenko (yemwe anakhala mtsogoleri wa Western Front tsiku lomwelo), Herman Malandin ndi Lev Mehlis adavomereza lamuloli, lomwe linayambitsa kukonza nkhondo motsatira Ostrovno ndi Senno. Mfundo yomalizirayo inakhazikitsidwa Lepel, yemwe adatchula ntchito yonseyi. Komabe, ngakhale panthawi yokonzekera, zipolopolo zotsutsana ndi utsogoleri wa Western Front zinalakwitsa kwambiri. Mipata ya mdaniyo idasokonezedwa molakwika, yomwe yasonyezedwa momveka bwino ndi Nkhondo ya Senno. Chithunzi chochokera pachimake pa nkhondoyi pa nthawiyi chinali chitapita, koma chifukwa cha kutayika kumodzi kumveka kuti Red Army formations inalephera ntchito yawo.

Lamulo la Western Front linali lofulumira ndi bungwe la counterstrike komanso chifukwa nthawi inagwira ntchito kwa mdaniyo. Patapita sabata, magawo a anthu a ku Germany, atatha kumaliza kuzungulira kwa "Minsk" ndi "Biilstok" otentha, amayenera kutsogolo kutsogolo. Pankhaniyi, chiŵerengero cha mphamvu chinasintha kwambiri. Tsiku lililonse Nkhondo Yofiira inapezeka pavuto lovuta kwambiri, ndipo kuchedwa ngakhale m'maola ochepa kunali okwera mtengo kwambiri.

Pokonzekera kumenya nkhondo, a Mechananized Corps 7 omwe alamulidwa ndi Vinogradov anasamukira kumadzulo kuchokera ku Chigawo cha Military Moscow pa June 24. Magalimoto pa mawilo amachoka paokha, ndipo makina opanga magetsi ananyamula pazitulo za sitima. Ali panjira, mabungwe opangidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono analandira ntchito zatsopano kangapo, monga momwe ku Belarus kunasinthira mofulumira kwambiri.

Kugwirizana kwa mphamvu

Gawo la 7 la Panzer Division la Germany linali lachidziwitso chodziwikiratu. Zinaphatikizapo mabomba 4. Chiwerengero cha akasinja chinali mbiri ya lonse Eastern Front - 265 magulu omenyana, omwe mu masabata awiri akumenya nkhondo 25 anatayika. Komabe, Makampani Opanga Maofesi a Soviet 7 anaphatikizapo magalimoto awiri.

Ambiri mwa mapakiwa a ku Germany anagawidwa ndi zitsanzo za ku Czech "Skoda" mu 1938. Mabanki owala awa anali ndi mfuti ya 37-mm ndipo anasonkhana pa mpikisano ndi mabotolo. Pamene mdaniyo anagunda, zidazi zinagwedezeka ndi kuvulazidwa ndi ogwira ntchito. Kotero ndizovuta kwambiri kutcha "Skoda" chozizwitsa chaumisiri. Kuwonjezera pa iwo analibe kuwala PZ-II. Anali ndi zida zokwana 20 mm. M'magulu a Soviet panali KV ndi T-34. Zolemba zamakono zinawalola iwo kuwombera ndi zitsanzo za German zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambazi kuti zisawononge paki yonse, kuwononga ndalama zochepa. Kulimbana kotereku kunawonetsedwa ndi Nikolai Nazarchuk wojambula. "Nkhondo ya Senno" ndi mbuye wa ku Belarusiya anakhala imodzi mwa mafanizo odziwika bwino a nkhondo imeneyo.

Mabomba ndi nsomba

Kugawidwa kwa matanki, akasinja anali "mfundo za mkondo," koma mapangidwe oterowo ankafunikira "shaft" - mabanki ndi ankhondo. Nchiyani chikhalidwe cha zigawo izi mu magawano a Germany? Gulu la zida zankhondo linali ndi mfuti 36 - makamaka mvula yamphongo ndi nyanga zingapo. Ziwerengero zimenezi zinali zocheperapo kuposa Soviet. Mu magawano awiri a matanki panali pafupifupi mfuti zana. Chiŵerengero cha anthu oyendayenda chinali chimodzimodzi: Mabomba okwana 15 a ana a Red Army otsutsana ndi 4 ku Wehrmacht.

Kumalo osokoneza a Mechananized Corps 7, kupambana kwa chiwerengero cha Soviet chinali ziwiri, ndipo mu Mechanized Corps yachisanu chinali zisanu ndi ziwiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu. Kenaka matanki ambiri anakhala chifukwa choyerekeza nkhondo ya Senno ndi nkhondo yotchuka ya Prokhorov pa nkhondo ya Kursk mu 1943.

Makina asanu a Mechananized Corps anali ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera - zida zina ziwiri zowonjezera zida zankhondo zinalumikizidwa. Maunitelowa anawonjezeredwa kuchokera ku malo osungira malo a Western Front. Iwo ankatchedwanso zida zankhondo zamagulu. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mawonekedwewa ndi kukhalapo kwa mfuti zolemera-zikiti 122 mm mm ndi 152-mm. Iwo sanangopanga masamu okha, komanso apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zida zankhondo.

Nkhondo ya Senno ikanatha ngakhale mofulumira ngati a Germany sakanasiya mabomba awiri oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi ku Borisov , gulu lankhondo la tanki ndi magulu otsutsana ndi tank. Maunitelowa adasungabe chofunika kwambiri kudutsa Berezina. Maunitelowa anali pafupi ndi Senno pa July 7 okha, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha mabungwe asanu opangidwa ndi mafashoni.

Chiyambi cha antiattack

July 5, 1941 kukonzekera kunayambika nkhondo ya Senno. Gulu la 14 la Panzer Division ndi Mechananized Corps lachisanu ndi chiwiri linapanga maulendo 40 makilomita okwera maulendo ndipo adatenga malo oyamba kuti awonongeke. Anali Ostrovno-Gnezdilovichi-Svetogory kumtunda wa makilomita 10 kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Chernogostnitsa. Gawo lina la 18 la Panzer Division linachedwa mochedwa. Madzulo tsiku lotsatira, anaika mbali zonse ziwiri za mtsinje wa Oboljanki. Amishonale Achisanu Achigwirizano anakhazikitsa maudindo m'dera la Orsha.

Pa July 6, nkhondo ya Senno inalowa m'gululi. Pa 14th Panzer Division, magulu awiri anakhazikitsidwa (aliyense anali ndi gulu la matanki ndi gulu la asilikali oyendetsa galimoto). Makampaniwa amayesa kukakamiza Chernogostnitsa ndi kukhala kumbali ya kumadzulo kwa mtsinjewo. Nthambi ina inatha kusunga mutu wapang'ono wa mlatho pafupi ndi nyanja ya Sarro. Panthawiyi, mphamvu za 18th Panzer Division zinayandikira kumalire kwa kum'mawa kwa Senno ndipo panalinso nkhondo yomenyana ndi a Germany. Madzulo mdani adagwidwa kunja kwa mzinda. Kumalo otsogolowa, asilikali a Soviet adasunthira. Uku ndiko kupambana kwawo kokha pa ntchito yonse.

Kusokonezeka kwa mapulani

July 7 nkhondo ya tank pafupi ndi Senno inapitiriza. Usiku wonse wapitawo, asilikali a Soviet anali kukonza zitsulo ku Chernogostnitsa. M'maŵa, mbali za 14 pa Panzer Division zinkayenda patsogolo pawo mpaka kumbali ya kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wofunikira. Kupita patsogolo kunayendayenda pamtunda wa makilomita 4. Makankiwo adagonjetsedwa ndi magulu akuluakulu a 7th Panzer Division ya Wehrmacht. Maofesi a Soviet anawonongeka kwambiri ndipo anabwerera kumtsinje wapachiyambi wakummawa. Kenaka anabwerera ku Ostrovno ndipo anayamba kuchotsa zinthu zawo.

Panthawiyi, Ajeremani ochokera kumpoto anayambitsa chisokonezo pa Senno, pomwe 18th Panzer Division inadziteteza. The Red Army inachoka mumzindawu masana pa 8 Julayi. Panthawiyi, a Mechananized Corps asanu adagonjetsa nkhondo yayikulu ndi mabanki a adani makilomita 20 kumwera kwa Senno. Anatha kuthyola chigawo cha Germany, koma chitetezo chotsatira chinabwezeretsa chikhalidwecho.

Pa July 9, magulu a Panzer 14 ndi 18 anafikanso kum'mawa kwa Obolianka. Anthu a ku Germany omwe anagwidwa ndi Senno anayamba kupititsa patsogolo pamsewu wopita ku Smolensk. Pa 10, masitepe opita patsogolo adalowa Oboltsy. Madzulo madzulo a Germany adayenda makilomita 40 ndikufika pamsewu wa makilomita 30 kumadzulo kwa Orsha. Mabungwe a Soviet 5 omwe anali opangidwa ndi mawotchi anali akuopsezedwa ndi kuzunguliridwa kwathunthu. Lamulo lake linaganiza zobwerera, zomwezo zinkachitidwa ndi zigawo za magulu a tank.

Zotsatira ndi zifukwa za kulephera

Choncho, nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo pafupi ndi Senno ya asilikali a Soviet inatha. Asilikali sanakwaniritse ntchito iliyonse yomwe adawapatsidwa. Zinali zosatheka kudutsa hafu ya njira yopita ku Lepel. Malinga ndi ndondomekoyi, chiwombankhanga chachikulu chinagwedezeka pambali pa gulu la Polotsk la German, koma silinathenso kuwonongeka - sikunayende bwino. Kwa sabata losakwanira la kumenyana, pafupifupi zipangizo makumi asanu ndi limodzi (70%) za zipangizozo zinatayika. Zotsalira za magulu a matanki zinataya mphamvu zawo zankhondo ndipo zinapitiliza kubwerera kummawa, mpaka potsirizira pake zidatuluka mu "pulasitiki" pafupi ndi Smolensk.

Nchiyani chomwe chinali chifukwa cha kulephera uku? Pa July 17, 1914, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Liozno m'dera la Vitebsk, mkulu wa milandu Yakov Dzhugashvili, mwana wa Joseph Stalin, anamangidwa. Panthawi yomwe adamufunsa mafunso, adadandaula za kuopsa kwa mlengalenga kwa a German Junkers. Lingaliro lomwelo linatetezedwa mu malipoti a lamulo ku Moscow. Pambuyo pake anasamukira ku mbiri yakale ya Soviet ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali ankaonedwa kuti ndi choonadi chosatsutsika. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe nkhondo ya Senno inatayika inkaonedwa kuti ndiyo yowonongeka ndi yowonongeka ya ndege ya Germany, yomwe inamenya ndi kupha mabomba a Red Army kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku.

Komabe, zenizeni zonse zinali zovuta kwambiri. Kulephera kwa lamulo loyendetsa ndi kukhazikitsa kuyankhulana pakati pa mapangidwe osiyanasiyana kunanenedwa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, asilikali a Red Army sanangokhala ndi zochitika zambiri, pamene Wehrmacht anafika ku USSR, omwe anali kumbuyo kwa nkhondo zambiri ku Ulaya. Zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti anthu a Soviet akhale apamwamba kuposa mayiko.

Boma la ogwira ntchito la lamulo linafooketsedwa pambuyo pa kuponderezedwa kwaposachedwapa. Ambiri mwa asilikali omwe anali odziŵa zambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhondo yapachiweniweni, anawomberedwa kapena anali m'misasa. Izi sizikanakhudza momwe nkhondo ya Senno inatha. Zotsatira za chisankho chofulumira ndi cholakwika pachigawo choyamba cha nkhondo zinasonyezedwa pazokhazikitsidwa pa Western Front. Mchitidwe umenewu unafalikira osati kokha kwa Lepel yotsutsana, komanso ku msonkhano wonse wa 1941.

Kutaya

Ponena za kutayika, nkhondo ya Senno mu 1941 inali yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa nkhondoyo. Ajeremani anataya pafupifupi 4 omwe anavulazidwa pa 1 adafa (chiwonongeko chonse chinali anthu 468). Pafupifupi zida 50 (zida) zinatayika. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kunachitika mu nkhondo ndi mabungwe asanu omwe amadziwika ndi Mechanized pafupi ndi Senno pa July 7 mpaka 9.

Asilikali a Soviet anali ndi manambala osiyana kwambiri. Amatsenga achisanu ndi asanu ndi asanu ndi asanu (7) a Mechanized Corps anataya pafupifupi matanki awo onse (palimodzi, maunyolo opitirira 1,000, omwe ali pafupifupi nthawi 20 kuposa adani). Ngakhale lero, akatswiri a mbiri yakale sanadziwe bwinobwino kumene njirayi inkapita. Ziwerengero zomwe zinagwera mu malipoti a lamulo la Red Army nthawi zambiri sizinagwirizane ndi zenizeni ndipo chifukwa cha izi sangathe kuchepetsedwa ku deta ya Ajeremani.

Komabe, zimadziwika bwino kuti pamene nkhondo ya Senki 1941 inali itatha, pa 18th Panzer Division, panalibe imodzi mwa akasinja 220 omwe anatsala, pa 14 - panali matanki 14 omwe anatsala, m'matangi okwana 13 kuchokera pa matanki 393. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zinali bwino ndi magalimoto. Mwachitsanzo, m'gulu la 14 panali magalimoto 34 ndi makilomita 475, komanso magalimoto 56.

Malipoti ndi mfundo

Kuwonongeka kwaumwini kwa Soviet formations, monga momwe zinalili ku Germany, zofanana ndi zofanana ndi zoopsa za 1941 za USSR. Mwachitsanzo, malingana ndi lipotili, anthu okwana 193 anaphedwa pa 14 Panzer Division, 359 anavulala, ndipo oposa 3,000 adasowa. Komabe, ziwerengero izi tsopano zikukayika. Iwo amatsutsana ndi kuti asilikali a regiment pa July 25 anali ndi zida zokwana 552 (mfuti), koma malinga ndi lipotili, popanda kubwezeretsanso, anthu oposa 5,000 adzakhalabe m'magulu.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zochitika ndi malipoti kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi chikhumbo cha utsogoleri wa machitidwe obisala ndi kubwezeretsa zolephera zawo pamaso pa akuluakulu awo. Pa nthawi yoyamba ya nkhondo, nkhani ngati zimenezi zinali zachilendo. Nkhondo ya Senno inali yosiyana. Mulimonsemo, kutayika kwa Red Army ndi Wehrmacht kunali kosavomerezeka, ndipo ndi chizindikiro ichi chomwe chikuwonetsa momveka bwino chiwonongeko cha chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikondi.