I-180 (wolimbana): mbiriyakale ya ndege, imfa ya Valery Chkalov

I-180 (wolimbana ndi mabomba) anapangidwa ku Polikarpov Design Bureau. Panthawiyo anali ndi makhalidwe abwino oyendetsa ndege, amatha kupitirira mabomba okwana makilogalamu 200 ndipo anali ndi zida zinayi zokha zogwiritsira ntchito mfuti.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Wolemba wotchuka kwambiri wa Soviet Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov sanasiyepo pa laurels. Ankadziwa bwino kuti injini yamphamvu ikufunika kuti izi zitheke bwino. Mmodzi wa asilikali-monoplane I-16, wopangidwa ndi iye mu 1932 ndipo akuphatikizapo zida za Soviet Air Force, patadutsa zaka zisanu zotsutsana ndi zofunikira zamakono.

Polikarpov kale mu 1936 anayamba kuganiza za kusintha kwakukulu kwa I-16 ndi injini ya M-62. Koma sanathe kugwiritsira ntchito lingaliro limeneli, posakhalitsa Zaporozhye Plant No. 29 inakhazikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa magetsi atsopano a M-88, omwe anali ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ndi zofunikira. Choncho, pankakhala mapulani a I-164 ndi 165. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chomeracho chinalangizidwa kuti chikhale ndi zowonongeka. Ngakhale izi, ndiye mkulu wa Air Force sanawonetse chidwi kwenikweni pa ndegeyi. Choncho, panali chisankho chokonzekera wina womenya nkhondo.

Ndege yatsopano

Design Bureau Polikarpova inayamba kupanga. Chitukuko chatsopano chinalandira mayina I-180. Msilikaliyo anali wokonzeka mu February 1938. Tisaiwale kuti kawirikawiri kapangidwe ka I-180 kanali kofanana kwambiri ndi I-16, koma kanali kakang'ono kwambiri. Poyamba, ndegeyo inakonza zokonzekera zida zinayi zamakina osakanikirana, ndipo patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuti zikhazikitsidwe ndi zilembo zazikulu kapena zowonjezera.

Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Polikarpov Design Bureau kudzala nambala 156, vuto linalake lopanda pake, lomwe silinapangitse kuti zikhale zofunikira komanso zofulumira kupanga ziwalo zofunika. Nkhaniyi ndi yakuti poyamba ntchitoyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito pomasula ndege zazikulu, ndipo tsopano idayenera kuzindikira mwamsanga makina opanga makina opambana.

Zovuta zoyamba

Kutulutsidwa kwa makina awa kunayang'aniridwa ndi mutu wa General Directorate Belyaykin. Ndiyenera kunena kuti nthawi zonse ankafulumizitsa kukwaniritsa msonkhanowu mofulumira ndipo nthawi zina iye amalowerera molumikizidwe. Zochita zoterezi zinabweretsa mantha aakulu kwa ntchito za OKB ndi zomera zonse. Ntchito yaikulu yopititsa patsogolo ntchitoyi inapangidwa ndi mkulu wa malonda, M. A. Usachev. Choncho, ndegeyi inamangidwa mu November 1938.

M'masiku oyambirira a December, galimotoyo inayang'aniridwa bwino, kenako inavumbulutsidwa mochuluka kwambiri, ndipo zovuta zonse 190 (!), 40 zomwe zinapezeka mu zipangizo zamagetsi. Zili ndi zolakwika zambiri ndipo I-180 anatulutsidwa. Msilikaliyo anali atatengedwera ku bwalo la ndege, popeza anali atachotsa ambiri m'masitolo.

Ndiyenera kunena kuti opanga ndege zowonongeka nthawi zonse amalingalira kwambiri komanso amafuna ntchito zawo, kupatulapo, amadziwa kuposa wina aliyense za mtengo wa zolakwika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake Polikarpov amatsutsa mwamsanga pamene anakonzekera ana ake kuti ayambe kuyesedwa koyamba, zomwe adaimitsa kanthawi kochepa.

Kuphatikizana kwa mavuto

M'nyengo yozizira ya m'chaka cha 1938, Valery Pavlovich Chkalov anayamba kukumbukira kuchokera paulendo. Chifukwa: kuyesa kwa atsopano I-180. Msilikaliyo adakonzekera kuyesa December 15, koma ulendo wake woyamba unali masiku atatu kale. Iye adalongosola zolakwika zingapo, zomwe zinapezeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka gasi. Kusokonekera kunathetsedwa, ndipo tsiku la ndege yoyamba silinasinthe. Mu ntchito yomwe adapatsidwa ku Chkalov, adalamulidwa kuti aziwuluka pamwamba pa aerodrome pamtunda wa mamita 600 kwa mphindi khumi ndi khumi ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri (15) ndikukwera popanda kuchotsa chisiki, chomwe chidakonzedweratu tsiku lomwelo.

Ndiyenera kunena kuti tsiku lisanafike tsiku lachisangalalo ku Moscow kwa milungu ingapo panalibe nyengo youluka. M'mawa mdima wandiweyani unatsikira kumzinda, nthawi zina kunali matalala. Kutentha kwa mpweya kunayambira 0 mpaka -2 ° C. Komabe, pa tsiku la kuyesedwa, thambo linatsekedwa. Dzuwa lowala linali kuwala, koma kutentha kunatsikira ku -27 ⁰ C. Dontho lakuthwa silinali kuyembekezera, koma ndegeyo idakonzedwa.

Pa December 15, mwachizoloŵezi pa kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa ndege zodziŵika bwino, masewera onse anatha, ndipo ntchito zamagetsi sanazichititse tsiku limenelo. I-180 anayima pafupi ndi hangar. Kukonzekera kotsiriza kwa ndege kunapangidwira kuyesa kuthawa: zipangizo zoyendetsera ndi magulu oyenerera, kuphatikizapo akhungu, anali okwera. Atafika kwa antchito, Chkalov anafunsa kuti adzawatengere nthawi yayitali bwanji. Anauzidwa kuti pafupi maola 2-3, ndipo mwinamwake. Yankho losatha silinakonzedwenso ndi Valery Pavlovich, yemwe adazindikira kuti kuthawa tsiku limenelo sikutheka, monga kunali nyengo yozizira, ndipo kunali kukuda kwambiri kwambiri. Anaganiza zouluka popanda kuika maso, mwina kuyembekezera zotsatira zabwino za mayesero.

Imfa ya nambala yoyamba yoyendetsa ndege

Woyendetsa ndegeyo anapanga maulendo oyambirira monga momwe adalembedwera: atadzuka mlengalenga, adathamanga pamtunda wa mamita 500 mpaka 600. Kenaka adalowa mzere wachiwiri, koma pamtunda wa mamita 2-2.5,000 ndipo ali patali kwambiri kuchokera ku ndege . Pamene adachepetsanso nayamba kuchepa, akufuna kukwera ndege, injiniyo inamangidwanso. Ndegeyi inali kutali kwambiri, ndipo pansi pake panali nyumba zogona komanso zipangizo zamtundu wa wailesi.

Monga mukudziwira, ndegeyi inali ndi tchire, ndipo itayamba kugwa, Chkalov anazindikira kuti akhoza kuwakhudza ndi denga la nyumba ina, komwe panthawiyo, kunali anthu. Wina woyendetsa ndege sakanakhoza ngakhale kuganizira za izo, pambali, denga likanakhala likuphatikizana. Komabe, Chkalov anaganiza zopatukira, ndipo ndege yomwe inali ndi injini yopanda kanthu inagwera mu chithandizo cholimba chachitsulo.

Phokoso lalikulu linaponya Chkalov kunja kwa kabichi ndi chiwongolero. Atagwa, woyendetsa ndegeyo adagunda mutu wake movutikira. Kuvulala kunali kosagwirizana ndi moyo, ndipo patatha maola awiri anafa mu chipatala cha Botkin. Manda a Chkalov anachitikira ku Moscow. Urn ndi mapulusa ake akadali mu khoma la Kremlin.

Zifukwa za tsoka

Imfa ya Valery Chkalov inachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azilankhula zabodza komanso nthano zambiri. Ngakhale kuti pali chigamulo chovomerezeka chokhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito yapadera yoti afufuze vutoli, palinso matembenuzidwe ena omwe akuwombera funso limodzi: kodi izi zinachitika mwangozi, kapena kodi woyendetsa ndegeyo adasokoneza munthu wina ndipo anaphedwa basi?

Mabungwe omwe amagwira ntchito mu 1938 ndi 1955, anapeza zosiyana zosiyana, koma m'modzi anali ogwirizana: ngoziyi idatha chifukwa cha injini yamagetsi, komanso zolakwika m'magetsi oyendetsa gasi. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza kwachiwiri kunawonetsa kuti ambiri mwa makinawo analipo kale ndipo sanayesedwe mlengalenga. Kuchokera paziganizi zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti ndege ya Polikarpov I 180 inali yopitilizika ndi nthawi yoyamba kuchoka chifukwa cha kufulumizitsa kwakukulu kwa akuluakulu omwe akulamulira njirayi, zomwe zinayambitsa vuto losayembekezereka.

Ndege yachiwiri ikuwonongeka

Komabe, mbiri ya ndege ya I-180 sinathe kutha pamenepo. Mayesero anapitiriza. Pofika mu February 1939, wachiwiri womenyera nkhondo anamangidwa. Izi sizinali zosiyana ndi zapitazo, kupatula kuti dera lake ndi mapiko ake analikulitsidwa pang'ono, ndipo mmalo mwa injini ya M-88, M-87A ankawoneka kuti ndi odalirika kwambiri.

Ndege yoyamba pa galimoto yamakono idachitika pa April 27 chaka chomwecho. Anayesedwa ndi woyang'anira ndege SP. Nthawiyi zonse zinapita popanda ndemanga zowonongeka. Chifukwa cha izi, kukhulupilika kwa ndege ya Polikarpov kwakula kwambiri moti womenya nkhondoyo adatengapo mbali pa chikondwerero cha May 1 ndipo adadutsa pa Red Square. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa September, I-180 inagonjanso kachiwiri, nthawiyi Thomas Suzi woyendetsa mayesero anaphedwa. Pamene ndege inayamba kulowa mumtsinje, woyendetsa ndegeyo adalumpha m'galimoto, osakhala ndi nthawi yotsegula parachute.

Patangopita kanthawi koopsa, komiti inayake yapadera yomwe inachititsa kuti ntchitoyi iwonongeke, inali yowonongeka kwambiri chifukwa chakuti nyumba yonseyo, komanso nkhope ndi maofesi a woyendetsa ndege, ankawaza ndi mafuta.

Kutumidwa

Chaka chotsatira ndege ina inamangidwa, koma mayeso ake adatha mwamsanga. Kumayambiriro kwa July 1940, Proshakov woyendetsa mayesero analakwitsa panthawi yoyendetsa ndege ndipo anakakamizika kuchoka m'chombo ndi parachute. Chotsatira chotsatira nthawiyi sichinapezepo zolakwa, ndipo vuto la imfa ya galimotoyo linaperekedwa kwa woyendetsa.

Zitatha izi, ndege ina inasinthidwa-I-180-Etalon. Iye adasintha zambiri, kuphatikizapo kusintha injini yakale ya M-87A ndi M-88A yatsopano. Dera lake liyenera kuti linali la 590 km / h, ndipo pakuika injini yamphamvu kwambiri, M-89 akhoza kufika 650 km / h palimodzi. Koma nkhani ya I-180 inatha pano, monga mu December chaka chomwecho lamulo linaperekedwa kuti liyimitse ntchito pa ndegeyi. Makina onse osamalizidwa omwe adaikidwa poyambirira, adapita. Panthawi imeneyo asilikali a Soviet a mitundu ina anayamba kuonekera, omwe adasiya ntchitoyi.

Watsopano wotsutsana

Chotsatira chotsatira cha Polikarpov Design Bureau chinali I-185. Mwa chiwerengero cha zonse zomwe msilikali uyu wapambana kuposa makina onse a Soviet ndi akunja a panthawi imeneyo. Ndege zingapo zopangidwa ndi injini zosiyana zinamangidwa. November 18, 1942 anapita ku mayesero a boma, omwe anachititsa oyendetsa ndege P. M Stefanovsky. Pa ndegeyi ndegeyi inasonyeza zotsatira zabwino ndipo idalimbikitsidwa kuti ipangidwe poyambilira.

Pa April 5, 1943 panthawi ya mayesero, injiniyo inasiya, chifukwa cha imfa ya woyendetsa ndege VA Stepanchonok. Malinga ndi deta yonse, vutoli linaphedwa pa ndege ya I-185 - siinayambe yakhazikitsidwa, ndipo m'malo mwake, La-5FN inasonkhana pamunda. Pambuyo pake, OKB inapanga ndege ina - I 188, koma pasanapite nthawi ntchito zonse zinayimitsidwa chifukwa cha imfa ya mkonzi wamkulu NN Polikarpov.