Ulendo wa Oleg ku Constantinople: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi zotsatira

907 mu mbiriyakale ya Russia ikudziwika ndi ntchito yapadera yolimbana ndi Constantinople (kapena kuti itchedwa - Tsargrad), yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi mkulu wa Oleggorod Oleg. Chochitika ichi chikugwirizana ndi malingaliro ambiri ndi kukayikira pa mbali ya olemba mbiri, ambiri mwa iwo samakhulupirira zowona zake chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo. M'nkhani ino tidzakudziwitsani mwatsatanetsatane za ulendo wa Oleg ku Constantinople (chifupikitso chachidule), ndipo tidzayesa kudziwa ngati chochitika ichi chinachitikadi monga momwe mbiri yakale ya ku Russia imalitengera.

Kodi Prince Oleg ndi ndani?

Oleg anali kalonga wa Novgorod ndi kalonga wamkulu wa Kiev, kuyambira 882 mpaka 912, womwe unali chaka cha imfa yake. Atalandira ulamuliro pa dziko la Novgorod (zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pa imfa ya Rurik) monga regent wa Igor wamng'ono, iye anagwidwa ndi Kiev wakale. Anali ku mzinda uwu womwe panthawiyo unali woti udzakhale likulu ndi chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wa malo awiri akuluakulu a Asilavo. Ndi chifukwa chake Kalonga Oleg nthawi zambiri amawoneka ndi olemba mbiri monga woyambitsa dziko lakale la Russia. Ndipo ulendo wotsatira wa Oleg wopita ku Constantinople anakhala mwayi woti iye atchulidwe kuti "Waneneri".

Nchifukwa chiyani Oleg adatchedwa Mtumiki?

Monga "Nkhani Yakale ya Bygone" imatiuza, ntchito ya Oleg kwa Constantinople inachitikira mu 907. Mu annals ife tikukamba za momwe mzindawu unali kuzungulira ndi kutengedwa, ndipo kulimba mtima ndi malingaliro okhwima a kalonga, yemwe anagonjetsa Byzantines, analemekezedwa. Malingana ndi buku lino, iye adakana kutenga chakudya chakupha kuchokera kwa iwo, chifukwa chake adatchulidwa kuti "Mneneri." Anthu ku Russia anangoyamba kutchedwa Oleg, amene anagonjetsa Agiriki. Dzina lake limachokera ku Scandinavia, ndipo pamene kumasuliridwa amatanthauza "woyera."

Pulogalamu ya Ulosi Oleg kwa Constantinople

Monga tanenera kale, zomwe zili mu msonkhanowu ndi Nkhondo ya Russo-Byzantine ikufotokozedwa mu PVL (The Tale of Bygone Years). Zochitika izi zinayambitsa kusindikiza mgwirizano wamtendere mu 907. Mwa anthu awa adapeza mbiri chifukwa cha mawu awa: "Ulosi Oleg adagwira chishango chake pazipata za Tsargrad." Koma, komabe, ntchitoyi siinatchulidwe m'mawu achi Greek, ndipo, monga lonse, palibe chomwe chinanenedwa pa izo, kupatula mu nthano za Chirasha ndi mbiri.

Komanso, pofika 911, a Rusichi adasaina chikalata chatsopano. Ndipo mukutsimikizika kwa mapeto a mgwirizano uwu, palibe wolemba mbiri wina amene amakayikira.

Byzantium ndi Russ

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Rus ku Constantinople mu 860 m'mabwinja a Byzantine palibe chimene chikuwonetsedwera za mikangano ndi iwo. Komabe, pali maumboni angapo osatsimikizirika omwe amatsimikizira chosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chilimbikitso cha Emperor Leo IV chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi chiri ndi uthenga wotsutsa "kumpoto kwa Asikuti" amagwiritsa ntchito sitima zazing'ono, zikuyandama mofulumira.

Ntchito ya Oleg pa "Zaka Zakale za Bygone"

Malinga ndi nthano zokhudzana ndi ntchito ya Oleg, Tsargrad sanatengedwe ndi Asilavo okha, komanso mafuko a Finno-Ugric, omwe alembedwa mu chilembo chakale cha ku Russia chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 12 - The Tale of Bygone Years. Ngati mumakhulupirira nkhaniyi, asilikali ena adasuntha mahatchi pamphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo ena - panyanja ndi thandizo la ngalawa zikwi ziwiri. Ndipo mu sitima iliyonse panali anthu oposa makumi atatu. Akatswiri a mbiriyakale amakayikirabe ngati kuli koyenera kukhulupirira "Zaka za Bygone Zaka" ndipo ngati chidziwitso cha pulojekitiyi chikuwonetsedwa mu annals ndi chenicheni.

Nthano mu kufotokoza za ulendo

Nthano ya msonkhano wa Prince Oleg kupita ku Constantinople ili ndi nthano zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, nkhaniyo imasonyeza kuti sitimazo zinali kuyenda pamagudumu, zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi Oleg. The Byzantines anachita mantha ndi a Russ omwe anali kupita ku Constantinople ndikupempha mtendere. Komabe, iwo ankanyamula chakudya chakupha, chimene kalonga anakana. Ndiye Agiriki analibe mwayi wosankha kuti avomereze zomwe Oleg adanena. Monga nthano imanena, iwo ankayenera kulipira ma hryvnias 12 kwa asilikali onse, komanso ndalama zosiyana kwa akalonga ku Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Rostov ndi mizinda ina, kupatulapo Novgorod. Koma kupambana kwa kalonga sikudathe pamenepo. Kuwonjezera pa malipiro a nthawi imodzi, Agiriki a ku Byzantium ankafunika kulipira a Russia a msonkho wosatha, komanso kuvomereza mgwirizano wa mgwirizano (uwu ndiwo mgwirizano womwe unasainidwa mu 907), womwe umayenera kuti ukhale woyenera kukhalapo, komanso wogulitsa amalonda a ku Russia mu mizinda yachigiriki. Maphwandowo adalumbira. Ndipo Oleg, nayenso, anachita chochitika chotchuka kwambiri, chomwe chinamupangitsa kukhala wodabwitsa, malinga ndi nthano, pamaso pa anthu wamba. Iwo anapachika chishango pazipata za likulu la Byzantine la Constantinople monga chizindikiro chogonjetsa. Agiriki anauzidwa kuti asule ngalawa za asilikali a Asilavo. Mbiri imati izi zinachitika pambuyo poti ntchito ya Oleg ku Constantinople inatsirizidwa mu 907 kuti kalonga adadziwika kuti "Waneneri" pakati pa anthu.

Komabe, ngati nkhani za wolemba mabuku wakale wa ku Russia zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ya Rus ku Constantinople mu 860 zakhazikitsidwa pamabuku a Byzantine okha, nkhani yowonongeka kumeneku ikuchokera kumaphunziro omwe amapezeka m'nthano zomwe sizinalembedwe. Ndipo nkhani zingapo zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika ku Scandinavia sagas.

Msonkhano wa 907

Kodi mawu a mgwirizanowa anali otani, ndipo anatha? Ngati mumakhulupirira "Zaka Zakale za Bygone," atatha kupambana ndi Prince Oleg ku Constantinople, chikalatacho chinasaina ndi Agiriki, zomwe zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri ku Russia. Cholinga cha zigawo zake zazikulu ndizoyambanso kukhazikitsa mtendere pakati pa anthu ndi mayiko. Boma la Byzantine linayamba kulipira msonkho wapadera pachaka kwa Rus '(ndipo kukula kwake kuli kwakukulu), komanso kulipira ndalama zothandizira - ndalama ndi zinthu, golidi, nsalu zosaoneka, ndi zina. Mgwirizano wotchulidwa pamwambapa Kukula kwa dipo kwa msilikali aliyense ndi kukula kwa kusungidwa kwa mwezi kwa Agiriki komwe kunali koyenera kupereka kwa amalonda a ku Russia.

Zambiri zokhudza kuyenda kwa Oleg kuchokera kuzinthu zina

Malingana ndi zomwe a Novgorod First Chronicle amanena, zochitika zambiri zinachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ndondomeko zolimbana ndi Constantinople zinkachitidwa motsogoleredwa ndi Prince Igor, pomwe "Ulosi" unali wongopeka. Mbiri imalongosola maulendo odabwitsa a Oleg kupita kwa Constantinople. Chakacho chikusonyezedwa monga 920, ndipo tsiku lomenyedwa lotsatira likulongosola zochitikazo mpaka 922. Komabe, kufotokozedwa kwa msonkhanowu mu 920 kumakhala zofanana ndi momwe Igorev adalongosolera polojekiti ya 941, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa m'malemba angapo.

Zomwe zili m'mabuku a Byzantine olembedwa ndi Pseudo-Simeon kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 10 zili ndi zambiri zokhudza Rus. Mu chidutswa chimodzi, akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale amawona zolemba zomwe zikuwonetsera kulosera kwa amuna anzeru za imfa ya Oleg, komanso mwa Ros, kalonga mwiniwake. Zina mwa mabuku otchuka a sayansi ndizofotokozedwa ndi V. Nikolaev ponena za mame omwe amapita ku Agiriki anachita pafupifupi 904. Ngati timakhulupirira zomangamanga zake (zomwe sankanenedwa m'nkhani za Pseudo-Simeon), ndiye mame anagonjetsedwa ndi Triekefal wochokera mtsogoleri wa Byzantine John Radin. Ndipo ena okha anatha kuthawa zida za Ahelene chifukwa cha kuzindikira kwa kalonga wawo.

A. Kuzminym powerenga nkhani ya "Mbiri ya Bygone Zaka" za zochitika za Oleg, panali mfundo zomwe wolembazo anagwiritsa ntchito malemba a Chibugariya kapena Chigiriki ponena za kumenya nkhondo motsogoleredwa ndi kalonga. Wolemba mbiriyo adalemba mawu a Agiriki: "Uyu si Oleg, koma ndi Demetrius Woyera, amene watumidwa kwa ife ndi Mulungu." Mawu amenewa amasonyeza, malinga ndi wofufuza, pa nthawi ya zochitika mu 904 - Byzantines sanapereke thandizo kwa Atesalonika. Ndipo woyang'anira mzinda wobedwa ankawoneka kuti ndi Demetrius wa ku Tesalonika. Chifukwa chake, anthu ambiri a ku Thessaloniki adadulidwa, ndipo owerengeka okha ndiwo adatha kudzimasula okha ku zigawenga za Aarabu. M'mawu achi Greek osamvetsetsekawa onena za Dimitry, pangakhale zizindikiro zowbwezera kuchokera ku St. Constantinople, yemwe anali wolakwa mwachindunji cha chiwonongeko choterechi.

Olemba mbiri amatanthauzira motani chidziwitso cha zolemba?

Monga tanena kale, zidziwitso zowonongeka zili muzolemba za Russia, ndipo m'malemba a Byzantine pa nkhaniyi palibe chomwe chikuwonetsedwa.

Komabe, ngati mutayang'ana mbali ya zolembazo, zomwe zimaperekedwa mu "Zaka za Bygone Years," tingathe kunena kuti zomwezo zokhudzana ndi polojekiti ya 907 sizongopeka kwenikweni. Ofufuza ena akulephera kupeza chidziwitso chachi Greek chifukwa cha tsiku losavomerezeka limene nkhondo imatchulidwa mu "Zaka za Bygone Zaka". Pali mayesero angapo kuti agwirizanitse ndi maulendo a 904 a Russis (Dromites), pamene Ahelene ankamenyana ndi mphamvu ya pirate, yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi Lev Tripolis. Malingaliro, omwe ambiri amafanana ndi choonadi, ndi omwe analemba Boris Rybakov ndi Lev Gumilev. Malingana ndi maganizo awo, chidziwitso chokhudza kugonjetsedwa mu 907 chiyenera kutchulidwa ndi zochitika mu 860. Nkhondoyi inalowetsedwa ndi chidziwitso cha zopambana zomwe sizinapambane motsogoleredwa ndi Askold ndi Dir, omwe anauziridwa ndi miyambo ya kumasulidwa kwakukulu kwa chikhristu kuchokera ku mafuko achikunja.

Tsiku laulendo

Sitikudziwika nthawi yomwe inali msonkhano wa Prince Oleg ku Tsargrad. Chaka chomwe zochitikazi zikugwirizana (907) ndizovomerezeka ndipo zimawonekera pambuyo pa olemba mbiriwo. Kuchokera pachiyambi, nthano zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa kalonga zinalibe tsiku lenileni, chifukwa cha zomwe pambuyo pake chidziwitso chinagawanika mu magawo omwe amati anali oyamba ndi omaliza a ulamuliro wake.

Kuonjezera apo, mu "Zaka za Bygone Zaka" pali chidziwitso chokhudza chibwenzi chokwanira. Lili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza zomwe ochenjera adaneneratu (imfa ya kalonga) makamaka zinachitika zaka zisanu pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Tsargrad. Ngati Oleg anamwalira osakwana 912 (izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi deta yokhudza nsembe ya ozunzidwa mu ntchito za Tatishchev, zomwe zinachitidwa panthawi ya kuonekera kwa Halley - komiti yosangalatsa), ndiye wolemba anawerenga zonse molondola.

Kufunika kwa msonkhano wa Oleg ku Constantinople

Ngati kukwera kumeneku kunachitikadi, ndiye kuti zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri. Chidziwitsocho, chomwe chinasaina chifukwa cha pulojekitiyi, chiyenera kuonedwa kuti ndikutengera maganizo a Agiriki ndi a Russia kwa zaka khumi zotsatira. Zochitika zakale zomwe zinachitika, mwa njira ina, zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziwawa zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi Kalonga Oleg, mosasamala za chibwenzi chawo choyenera.