Mbiri ya mankhwala - kuchokera ku filosofi kupita ku biology

Umoyo waumunthu ndi chigawo chochepa kwambiri cha moyo. Kuyambira kale, anthu adayesetsa kulimbikitsa thanzi ndikuphunzira momwe angagwirire ndi matenda osiyanasiyana omwe adayamba chifukwa cha matenda, mavairasi kapena ukalamba wa thupi.

Mbiri ya zamankhwala inayamba mwachidule komanso yamtengo wapatali: Ziphunzitso zoyambirira za znacharian zinali zosakaniza za matsenga ndi matsenga ndi nzeru za anthu. Zochita zonse za ochiritsa akale ankawoneka kuti ndizo chifundo cha milungu yamphamvu zonse kapena zinalembedwa ku "mphamvu yoposa" ya ochiritsa okha. Komabe, mbiri yamakono ya zamankhwala yakhala ndi mankhwala ambiri ndi njira zamakono zomwe anapeza ndi asayansi a ku Igupto wakale, Roma ndi Greece.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala asayansi anapangidwa ku Igupto wakale, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko anafalikira ku mitundu ina ya anthu yomwe inayamba pa nthawiyo. Mankhwala a ku Girisi wakale anakhazikitsidwa ndi mbadwa ya ku Aesculapius. Panthawi imeneyo, njira zomwe zimachitika mu thupi laumunthu, anayesera kufotokoza afilosofi. Chotsatira chake, chidwi chinayambira mu thupi la thupi, mu phunziro lake. Kale ku Girisi, anayamba kupanga mapulaneti. Chidziwitso chachuluka kwambiri moti chinakhala chotheka kutsegula sukulu zachipatala ndikupanga zizindikiro zina zazipatala m'madera a akachisi. Panthawi imeneyi, madera otero monga mankhwala, matenda, matenda opaleshoni, ma opaleshoni ndi mazinyo apamtima adabweretsedwa pamwamba. Chidziwitso chonsechi chinapitilira ku Alexandria pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Greece ndikupitiriza kukula.

Ulamuliro woterewu monga Roma sungathe kuchita popanda mankhwala. Makamaka ankapidwa opaleshoni, chifukwa asilikali ankavulala nthawi zambiri pankhondo, zomwe zimafuna kuti anthu azichita opaleshoni. Mankhwala a ku Roma wakale anatenga maziko a chidziwitso chake zomwe zinachitikira Greece ndi Alexandria.

N'zoona kuti chitukuko cha mankhwala chatsopano chimachokera m'madera ena akale , ku Japan, Tibet, India ndi China. M'madera amenewa, mbiri ya mankhwala inali yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, sipanakhalepo autopsy kwa nthawi yaitali, choncho chidziwitso cha mawonekedwe a ziwalo zamkati mwa munthu sichinali chosavuta, ndipo lingaliro la izi - zosangalatsa. Koma, ngakhale zili choncho, matendawa anali apamwamba kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kuzindikira matenda, ochiritsa anagwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi la munthu. Iwo anali ndi lingaliro la ukhondo ndi njira za matenda opatsirana. Kuchiza, masamba kapena zinyama zinagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ngakhale panthawi ya matsenga ndi zamatsenga, mankhwala adagawidwa m'madera awiri: opaleshoni ndi mankhwala. Ndipo kenako zina, zowonongeka kwambiri, nthambi ndi mazinthu zinawonekera.

M'zaka zamkati, chifukwa cha ziphunzitso za Chikristu chachikatolika, mankhwala adatsalira pamlingo wa Roma wakale ndi Greece. Matendawa ndiye anafotokozedwa ngati "chilango cha Ambuye," ndipo madokotala adagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda ndi mizimu yonyansa, ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa amatsenga ndikupita m'manja a Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo. Mbiri ya mankhwala inali palimodzi.

Chidwi cha sayansi iyi chinawonekera kachiwiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Ages. Maofesi achilengedwe ndi asayansi apadera anayamba kuonekera mderali.

Kuchokera apo, mankhwala adasintha, ndipo lero akupitirizabe kukula. Pali matenda ochepera ndi ocheperako omwe sangavomereze sayansi yamakono.