Akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu osauka - malo atsopano m'mudzi

Otsogoleredwa ndi azimayi ndiwo alimi opanga ulimi omwe, kuphatikizapo ntchito yawo yayikulu mu agrarian, adalinso ndi ndalama zogulitsa ndi zamalonda. Chodabwitsa ichi chiri chokondweretsa kwambiri ndipo chikuwululidwa mwakuti chiyanjano cha chigwirizano chinayambira ndipo chinapangidwa makamaka mumzindawu, ndipo mudziwu, monga lamulo, unakhalabe pakati pa mgwirizanowu. Choncho, kulowetsa kwa zinthu zatsopano zachuma ku malo okhalamo ndi umboni wa kuchuluka kwa chitukuko cha chuma chawo.

Tanthauzo

Akuluakulu a dzikoli amadziwika kuti ndi gulu latsopano lomwe linayambira pagawo logawanitsa maphunzirowa. Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya amati, iwo anawoneka kale kuposa dziko lathu, chifukwa ndondomeko ya chuma ndi chikhalidwe chachuma chinali mofulumira kwambiri ku dziko lapansi kusiyana ndi dziko la Russia. Tsatanetsatane wa lingaliroli likugogomezera mbali yaikulu ya magulu a anthu awa: kupezeka kwa ndalama, zomwe anali nazo ufulu wogulitsa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Zofunikira

Akuluakulu a dzikoli ndi gulu limene lawonekera chifukwa cha kusintha kwachuma. M'mayiko a ku Ulaya, serfure inathetsedwa mofulumira kapena pokhapokha, chifukwa chakulepheretsa chitukuko cha malonda, malonda, chinalepheretsa kukhazikitsa msika wogwira ntchito ndiufulu. Poyamba, chiwerengero cha anthu okhala mumzindawu chinayamba njira yopita patsogolo, popeza inali mizinda yomwe inali patsogolo pa maubwenzi atsopano ndi chikhalidwe. Pamene adayamba ndi kufalikira, njira zatsopano zinakhudzidwanso ndi mudziwu, komwe ndalama zamalonda ndi zamalonda zinayamba kukulirakulira, zomwe zinakhala zofunikira kuti chiwonongekochi chiyambe.

Zida

Akuluakulu a dzikoli ndi gulu lapadera la anthu omwe alowetsedwera kuntchito ndikupanga mafakitale. Komabe, adali ndi zikhalidwe zawo payekha komanso pakukonza ntchito. Chotsatiracho chinasinthidwa kukhala chakuti iwo nthawi zambiri anakhala anthu oimira, mtundu wa antchito a akuluakulu olemekezeka ndi bourgeoisie, akuyankhula m'malo mwawo polemba zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamalonda ndi zamalonda. Uwu ndiwo kusiyana kwawo ndi bourgeoisie mwiniwake, yemwe anali ndi zikuluzikulu zazikuru, amene adayesa ndalama, kupanga eni mafakitale, mafakitale, manufactories, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, pofuna kumvetsetsa kuti alimi omwe ali pachimake ndi chiani, tanthawuzo lomwe likuwonetsanso kuti iwo, monga bourgeoisie wamkulu, adagwira nawo nawo ntchito, ayenera kukumbukira kuti anali ndi ndalama zomwe anaziyika ndikuzipeza phindu . Komabe, kusanjikiza kumeneku kunayambira njira yokhala ndi kukhazikitsa ndendende ndi kupereka kwa maulendo apakati.

Ku Russia

Dziko lathu layamba njira ya chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi mafakitale m'zaka za zana la 18. Komabe, mu serfure ya zaka zana izi zidakalipobe , zomwe zinasiya chizindikiro pa gulu lino la anthu. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti pakali pano ufumuwu unali dziko lachilumba, ndipo izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kumvetsetsa omwe alimi akulima. Tsatanetsatane wa mawu awa poyerekezera ndi Russia ali ndi zovuta zake. Popeza m'dziko lathu likululikulu linakhazikitsidwa ndi kutengapo mbali kwa boma, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati woyambitsa makampani akuluakulu ndi mwini wawo, njira yatsopanoyi idapangidwira. Zinachitika panthawi yomwe serfdom inalipo ndipo mwinamwake inakula, yomwe idakalipangitsa kuti pulogalamuyo ikhale yopindulitsa ndipo inalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika wogwira ntchito ndi ntchito yaulere.

Ntchito

Ndikofunika kulingalira zachitukuko cha chitukuko cha zachuma ku Russia kuti tidziwe zomwe alimi achikulire ali. Tanthauzo la mbiriyakale limatanthauza anthu amene anali ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama ndikugulitsa ndalama. M'dziko lathu iwo makamaka ankayimira zofuna za eni eni, m'malo mwa omwe anachita ntchito. Komabe, nthawi zambiri iwo anali ndi ndalama zawo (kuyambira 50 mpaka 120,000), zomwe adaziyika mu fakitale, fakitale ndi kupanga. Nthaŵi zina anthu oterowo ankapangidwanso ndi eni ake, mwachitsanzo, ngalawa kapena mabungwe onse, pamene analibe antchito.

Iwo angakhalenso ndi mahotela, nyumba zogona, nyumba zogona, ogulitsa malonda ang'onoang'ono. Ntchitoyi makamaka chifukwa cha chigamulo cha Catherine II pa kukhazikitsidwa kwaufulu kwa makampani osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndalama zambiri zimapita kwa mwini nyumba, zomwe zinkasokoneza chitukuko cha ndalama zamakono m'dziko lathu, kulepheretsa ufulu wa ndalama ndi ntchito. Motero, mawu akuti "anthu olemera achikulire" omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbiri yakale ya Russia ali ndi makhalidwe ake enieni.