Serfdom

Serfdom - mawonekedwe wamba kudalira, wopangidwa mu ubwenzi osauka m'dziko ndi subordination wa akuluakulu milandu ndi utsogoleri wa mwininyumba ang'onoang'ono. Analiumba motalika kokwanira.

Feudalism (serfdom) anabadwa mu dongosolo ang'onoang'ono. Pa kugawikana mu boma Russian sanali lamulo lililonse limene kuti chimatanthauza ntchito komanso ufulu wa anthu osauka a.

M'zaka za m'ma 15, anthu anali ufulu kuchoka padziko kupita m'dera la mwinimunda wina pambuyo chobwezera cha ngongole ndi ntchito akadali ndi mwini. Koma ngakhale ndiye, akalonga anayamba chikalata nyota wapadera, kuchepetsa wamba kuyenda. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu a m'mudzimo ndikhoza kupita kuchokera mwinimunda wina ndi mzake okha sabata pamaso Tsiku St. George.

Serfdom mwalamulo anayamba mawonekedwe mwamsanga ulamuliro wa Ivan III. Mu ulamuliro wake Analeredwa ndi thupi limodzi la malamulo a chilamulo 1497. 57th nkhani ya ufulu wake okha ofunda kusuntha wamba sabata pamaso ndi sabata pambuyo Tsiku St. George. Ndikuchokera mwini malo ayenera kulipidwa.

Mikhail Romanov, amene anayamba kulamulira 1613, anapereka ukapolo zina ya anthu akumidzi. Iye anawonjezera kufufuza osauka kumene pamodzi ndi chiyambi cha zogulitsa mchitidwe kapena kulanda wamba popanda dziko gawo.

Alexey Romanov, amene anakhala mfumu mu 1645, anakhala masinthidwe angapo. Choyamba, ndinasintha dongosolo la autocrat ndi anakhumudwitsa maudindo ndi kulipiritsa. Komanso ankayembekezera kuonjezera chifukwa misonkho mozungulira kubwezeretsanso chuma. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1648, pa chiyambi cha June, anavutika Moscow "Salt chipolowe", chifukwa cha zomwe chabe anali kuonjezera msonkho pa mchere. Pambuyo chiwembu kuti inachitikanso mizinda ina angapo.

Izi zikachitika, Alexis umabala kutembenuka mu zida ntchitoyi. Mu 1649, iwo anayamba kukondwera naye limodzi zikalata zofunika kwambiri chilamulo Russian chigawenga, boma ndi boma - Conciliar The Code. Malinga ndi zomwe zili m'bukuli makamaka - "Court of Amaya" - serfdom anakhala cholowa, ndi mwininyumba inali yamutu wakuti kutaya katundu onse a wamba a.

Zitatero, anthu akumidzi chinachititsa kuti a magulu zipatso mu dziko, kupereka yankho kwa chiwerengero cha zolinga mfundo yachilendo. Choncho inakhalapo ena prerequisites kwa kusintha mu ulamuliro wotsatira wa Peter Wamkulu.

Kusintha malo a wamba inkachitika mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth. Mfumukazi analimbitsa mphamvu ya landlords lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo yafupika kukula kwa msonkho kafukufuku ndi anthu wamba akhululukidwa arrears.

Mu 1767 Catherine II convenes bungwe Zokonza. cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa zolakwa za malamulo ndi kupeza lokhala wosasangalala ndi zosowa za anthu Russian. Mu 1760 - zaka 70 mu dziko, ndi funde la kuukira. Kwambiri zikuluzikulu anali ntchitoyo Emelyana Pugacheva.

M'zaka za m'ma 18 serfdom anayamba kuona mavuto a dongosolo. Komabe, chuma Russian ankafotokoza bwino, kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zatsopano.

Komabe, mtolo anayamba mu kalasi wamba. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuonetsetsa ndi bourgeoisie kumidzi, ikuimira eni wamba (boma, mokulirapo). Iwo mu 1801 anali kugula ziwembu kanthu m'dziko ndi kutenga dzikolo, kuyambira landlords renti.

Mu ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, izo Analeredwa Chilamulo "Pa alimi ufulu" (1803). Lamuloli zosowa za kumasulidwa kwa dipo ndi mgwirizano wa umodzi wa anthu a mumzinda ndi anthu wamba.

Mu 1818, Alexander ndinayesa kugwira wamba kusintha. Chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha ntchito anawakonzera mfumu anavomereza polojekiti Guryev (Nduna ya Zachuma), ndipo Arakcheev amene amapereka Kupha mwapang'onopang'ono serfdom pogula wamba.

Manifesto wa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom Analeredwa ndi Alexander II mu 1861, patsamba 19 February. Komanso, Mfumu ndi zinthu zonse za kusintha akhala anasaina. Kuyambira lero serfdom mfundo mwalamulo unatha.