Mitundu ya kusintha - kupata ndi regressive: Zitsanzo

Masiku ano, pafupifupi aliyense anakumana tsiku ndi maganizo oti "kukonzanso." Kale kukhala mawu bwino zikumveka kuchokera pakamwa presenters andale, wailesi ndi TV, ndi zonse zimaonetsa mu mabuku, wailesi ndi zina. Kodi lingaliro ili mukuimira ndi zimene mitundu ake?

Akamanena za maganizo

Mawu "kusintha" amachokera ku Latin «reformare», kutanthauza "kusanduliza." Amatanthauza kusintha lingaliro kapena kusintha kwa ndondomeko za boma kapena chinthu, muzochitika za moyo pagulu. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha chikoka pa chitukuko mbiri.

Polingalira za madera amene nkhani kusintha, kugawana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha. Ambiri, zodabwitsazi mu maonekedwe ake onse ndi mawonetseredwe ndi ndondomeko zofunika za chitukuko cha anthu ndi boma, ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti kusintha - ndi zambiri zimachitika kuti chikuchitika mu dziko makamaka ndi mtundu wake wa zandale, kapena chuma.

Mark pa mbiri

Malinga ndi kukopa kwake pa njira ya mbiri ndi chitukuko cha dziko mitundu ya kusintha zotsatirazi:

• Progressive - kusintha zikuphatikizapo kuwongolera, kuwongolera zosiyanasiyana m'moyo, kapena dongosolo lonse. Mwachitsanzo, chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom zinachititsa kuti kusintha kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu ambiri. kusintha Progressive ndi amadza zabwino kwambiri kutukula, mfundo wamoyo ndi moyo chikhalidwe, komanso zizindikiro zina, malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zochita zawo.

• Mgwirizano - kusintha kuti zikuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa machitidwe ndi nyumba, kutsitsa muyezo wa chikhalidwe kapena mavuto ena zoipa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro ziwawa msonkho kungachititse kuti kuchepetsa kupanga kusintha kwa zachuma mu otchedwa "ntchito mthunzi", kuwonongeka kwa miyezo ya moyo.

kusintha Regressive angathe kulowa zipolowe, zipolowe, tsoka. Koma, ngakhale zotsatira zake zimakhala, kukhwimitsa nthawi zina amakakamizidwa ndipo kenako kupereka zotsatira zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka malipiro kapena misonkho kuti kulimbikitsa kuteteza moyo wa anthu poyamba chifukwa kwambiri mkwiyo otchuka, koma pamene dongosolo ntchito kwathunthu ndi anthu adzamvera ubwino kusintha, chisangalalo adzaleka, ndi kasinthidwe wokondwa zabwino pa mfundo za moyo wa nzika.

mayendedwe

Mitundu ya kusintha mu zimangokhala ntchito ndi yaikulu kwambiri. cholinga Political pa kusintha mu dera. Mwachitsanzo, kutembenuka dongosolo chisankho kapena dongosolo ulamuliro. Economic zikuphatikizapo kusintha zinthu chuma dziko kapena asapita yachilendo zachuma. Social unachitikira kuti kusintha miyoyo ya misa.

Izi ndi generic mawu amene zikuphatikizapo angapo kusintha kutchula. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo:

• Constitutional kusintha - kusintha mu chikalata chachikulu cha dziko, kupereka kusintha kapangidwe mphamvu kapena mfundo ya ntchito yomwe inakhazikitsidwa. Zimatanthauza dera ndale.

• Agrarian kusintha - kusintha mu ntchito ulimi wa dziko. Iwo kumasonyeza thandizo la nchito za boma la zachuma kapena mosinthanitsa kumanga zofunika ndi malamulo. Zimatanthauza dera zachuma.
• kusintha maphunziro - kusintha mu dongosolo maphunziro. Mwina ikukhudzana bwanji ndi onse nyumba apamwamba kasamalidwe dongosolo (za Utumiki wa Education), ndi malo enieni (mabungwe chisanadze sukulu, sukulu, mayunivesite, makoleji, etc.). Zimatanthauza dera chikhalidwe.

A chitsanzo chapadera cha mbiri ya dziko

Khrushchev ndi kukonzanso chuma ikuchitika 50-60s wa atumwi wotsiriza anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko lonse ndi madera ake payekha. The luso chofunika kwambiri chinali Chigawo cha m'dera lonse la zigawo zachuma utsogoleri ndi maboma a m'dera lawo anapatsidwa mphamvu ndi zinthu zambiri.

Komanso, zasintha kwambiri akhoza zimachitika kuphwanya wa Stalin umunthu mpatuko, zomwe linapereka ndi maganizo atsopano a dziko lawo ndi dziko lonse ambiri, ndipo anachititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa anthu padziko lonse.

Koma ichi chinali chiyambi cha kusintha, kenako inanso yofunika. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha agrarian anali umalimbana chitukuko cha m'mayiko ena ndi m'madera processing awo ndipo anatengera kwa zosowa za ulimi. zinthu izi yayenda chifukwa zofunika: kuwonjezeka zokolola, chitukuko cha mafakitale zokhudzana ndi gawo agrarian ndi ena.

Economic kusintha Khrushchev ali yokutidwa ndi chitukuko angathe sayansi, ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yopanga dziko ndi zina zambiri. Anasiya zotsalira yofunika kwambiri ndipo kwambiri anaukitsa kakhalidwe ka moyo wa nzika, ngakhale kuti anali zotsatira zabwino osati.

zitsanzo yachilendo

Mitundu ya kusintha makumi chikhalidwe, ndi zitsanzo za anthu, nayenso, nambala yaikulu. Chimodzi mwa kusintha chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri yamakono ndi iwo amene akhala ikuchitika Georgia.

Pa yochepa nthawi langokhala boma zida, chosavuta ndondomeko kulembetsa ndi malonda, kwathunthu anamanganso dongosolo la moyo chikhalidwe ndi zaumoyo. Chifukwa cha kusintha awa, Georgia watipatsa ntchito kwambiri pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu, ndi wantchito anasonyeza kukula ndi kusintha kwambiri miyezo ya moyo.

mtundu wapadera

Pakuti kachitidwe kuchira, olimba a mlingo kuwombola kapena nthawi Transitional nthawi kukhazikitsa mwambo ena amanena kusintha kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati likhale la kusintha kwa ndalama. Ndi chida ichi, mungathe kukwaniritsa containment cha kufufuma ndi kuthetsa mavuto a zachuma.

Kwambiri bwino ndi bwino kuti atumwiwo zitsanzo za kusintha kwa ndalama ndi chipembedzo (kukulitsa mayunitsi ndalama popanda kusintha dzina lawo), nullification (kumaliza "bwererani dongosolo" - kumayambiriro kwa yatsopanoyi m'malo akale) ndi devaluation (depreciation za ndalama m'banja ndi ndalama za maiko ena).

Chotsatira

Polongosola mwachidule, ndi Dziwani mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuti pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya kusintha, pamene zotsatira zawo kungasokoneze pa miyoyo ya anthu, n'kogwiritsa motsimikiza ndi mofulumira chimake cha kusintha. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa kusintha. Chifukwa kusintha awa sichichokera boma ndi anthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri mulibe zolinga bwino ndipo si chifukwa cha Zionetsero ndi zotsatira za iwo akhoza kukhala osadalirika.