The yosiya wa Khrushchev. Mu ulamuliro wa zolinga yosiya wa Nikity Sergeevicha Hruschova

Pambuyo nkhondo zandale mu USSR wosasunthika. Chirichonse kwa 1991, ndinali yosowa kwambiri. Anthu posachedwapa azolowere boma akutulukira zochitika, nthumwi zake zabwino mosangalala anagwira zithunzi za atsogoleri atsopano pa Red Square pa May ndi November zitsanzo, ndi iwo amene ali abwino kwambiri, koma zoipitsitsa, nthawi yomweyo ndi iwo akuchita chinthu chomwecho mu mizinda ina, malo chigawo ndi m'midzi ndi midzi. Kutsitsidwa kapena womwalirayo chipani ndi mabwana boma (kupatula Lenin) anaiŵala pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale anecdotes za iwo anasiya kulemba. Apadera ntchito ongolankhula kuti sanapite ku sukulu, makoleji ndi mayunivesite - n'kuyamba alembi latsopano ambiri a bukhu, za zili chomwecho. Zosiyana anali N. S. Hruschev - wandale, nagubuduza ulamuliro Stalin kuti atenge malo ake m'mitima ndi miyoyo.

nkhani yapadera

Iwo kwenikweni anali zosiyana kwa atsogoleri onse phwando, osati pamaso komanso pambuyo pake. Yopanda magazi ndi chete yosiya wa Khrushchev, popanda kukumana ndi mavuto aakulu pa maliro wapadera ndi mavumbulutso zinachitika nthawi yomweyo ndi ankawoneka ngati chiwembu lokonzedwa bwino. M'lingaliro, iye anali, koma ndi mfundo za hayala Party, khalidwe zikuyenela malamulo onse anati. Zonsezi zinachitika ndithu demokalase, ngakhale ndi wolungamitsidwa ndithu kusakanizikana centralism. Anasonkhanitsa plenum zapadera takambirana khalidwe la anzake, anawatsutsa ena zolakwa zake ndipo anagwirizana pa kufunika m'malo ace, pa helm lapansi. Monga kunalembedwa mphindi ndiye, "Mverani - mwake." Inde, Kuganizira Soviet wa Pankhaniyi yapadera, monga iye Khrushchev nyengo ndi zozizwitsa zonse zinachitika mwa iye ndi ziwawa. M'mbuyomo ndipo anayamba ambiri alembi mwakachetechete anatengedwa kupita ku boma la Russia necropolis - malo a malo komaliza mpumulo - pa ngolo mfuti, kupatula Gorbachev, kumene. Choyamba, chifukwa Gorbachev ndi amoyo tsopano, ndipo kachiwiri, malo iye anasiya osati chifukwa cha chiwembu, ndipo mogwirizana ndi chiyembekezo chakuti ofesi yake ngati zimenezi. Ndipo chachitatu, chinachake iwo Nikita Sergeyevich anali ofanana. Mlandu wina wapadera, koma zimenezi si za iye.

Ulendo oyamba

The yosiya wa Khrushchev kumene kunachitika mu October 1964, panali mu nzeru zina pa ulendo wachiwiri. Pafupifupi zaka seveni zisanachitike chosaiwalika kwa dziko atatu membala Presidium m'Komiti ya Central, amatchedwa payokha "odana Party gulu", kutanthauza Kaganovich, Molotov ndi Malenkov, anayambitsa ndondomeko ya kuchotsa ku mphamvu ya mlembi woyamba. Ngati timaona kuti Kwenikweni panali anayi (kutuluka zinthu, conspirator wina, Shepilova, analengeza "amene anagwirizana"), ndiye yemweyo zinachitika mogwirizana ndi hayala phwando. Ine ndinali kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso sanali muyezo. Mamembala a Komiti ku Central mwachangu anabweretsa Moscow kwa plenum kuchokera ku dziko lonse ndi ndege zankhondo, ntchito mkulu-liwiro interceptor MiG (yaikulu wosewera "Sparky" UTI) ndi zoponya mabomba. thandizo kwambiri anali a silikhali Minister G. K. Zhukov (popanda yosiya Khrushchev a zikanadzachitika mu 1957). "Alonda Stalin" wakhala zopanda: woyamba awo achotsedwa Presidium m'Komiti ya ku Central ndiye, monga mu 1962 ndipo kwathunthu achotsedwa Party. Ndipo kodi kuwombera monga L. P. Beriyu, koma palibe chimene chinachitika.

prerequisites

Khrushchev mu 1964 kunali bwino osati chifukwa cha chinthu lokonzedwa bwino, komanso chifukwa iwo akhutitsidwa ndi pafupifupi zonse. Umwini anapanga pa October plenary gawo, chifukwa awo onse chiphwando lobbying kukondera sangatengedwe kukhala kuponderezedwa. Pafupifupi magulu onse pamalo abwino zofunika za ndale ndiponso zachuma ankaona zoopsa kulephera. Umoyo wa misa ntchito sakuyenda bwino, zatsopano molimba m'munda wa chitetezo zinachititsa kuti theka moyo wa asilikali ndi m'nyanja, minda languished n'kukhala 'miliyoneya M'malo mwake, "kutchuka mayiko anagwa. The zifukwa yosiya wa Khrushchev anali lambiri, ndipo anakhala mosalephera. Anthu anavomera kusintha mphamvu ndi chete Glee chidule alonda gleefully akusisita manja awo, amisiri amene alandira zithunzi laureate mu Stalin nyengo, analandira mawu a demokalase phwando. Otopa nkhumba alimi chimanga mabacteria onse nyengo sanayembekezere ndi zatsopano mlembi wamkulu wa zozizwitsa, koma zingaoneke kuyembekezera zabwino. Ambiri, pambuyo yosiya wa Khrushchev ndi kugalukira otchuka sizinachitike.

Zikayenda Nikita Sergeyevich

Mu chilungamo, ife sitingalephere kutchula zinthu yowala kuti anatha kukhala pa zaka za ulamuliro wake, anabalalitsa mlembi woyamba.

Choyamba, dziko wakhala zingapo kuti amalembedwa kuchoka ku makhalidwe zolunda ndi authoritarian wa Stalin nyengo. Iwo zambiri amatchedwa kubwerera ku mfundo Leninist utsogoleri, koma kwenikweni inkakhala ku kugwetsa lonse la zipilala ambiri (kupatula chimene chinali ku Gori), chilolezo kusindikiza mabuku ena ofotokoza kuvumbula nkhanza, ndi nthambi ya mzere chipani makhalidwe a anthu khalidwe amene anamwalira mu 1953 mtsogoleri.

Kachiwiri, alimi gulu potsiriza chikalata mapasipoti, yokhala Udindo kuti gulu nzika Soviet ndi ufulu wonse. Izi sizikutanthauza ufulu wosankha nyumba yake, koma ena munakhazikitsa mpaka pano.

Chachitatu, kwa zaka makumi angapo wakhala yojambula yomanga nyumba. Mamiliyoni a mamita lalikulu anali lendi chaka, koma ngakhale zinthu ngati zimenezi chachikulu, zatchatchatcha akadali sikokwanira. mzindawo unakhala "kufufuma" kudza kwa alimi awo akale gulu (cm. Previous ndime). Nyumba anali yochepetsetsa ndi wovuta, koma "Khrushchev" ankaoneka ndiye anthu awo nyumba zosanja zitalizitali zimaimira latsopano, zimene zikuchitika masiku ano.

Chachinayi, malo ndi chilengedwe kachiwiri. Woyamba ndi bwino anali nacho mivi yonse Soviet. Gagarin, Titov, Tereshkova, ndi pamaso pawo, agalu Mapuloteni, mivi ndi nyenyezi - onse unachititsa khama. Komanso, zimene akwanitsa izi zinali zokhudzana chitetezo cha. nzika Soviet anali onyadira dziko limene iwo ankakhalira, ngakhale zifukwa sanali mochuluka momwe iwo ankafuna.

Panali masamba ena owala mu nthawi ya Khrushchev, koma iwo sanali chachikulu chotere. Mamiliyoni a akaidi a zandale zinamasulidwa, koma anabwera kunja kwa msasa, iwo anazindikira kuti tsopano chinenero bwino kusunga pakamwa pake chitsekere. Choncho odalirika.

m'firiji pamtunda

Lero chodabwitsa kokha mayanjano zabwino. m'nthawi yathu ngati kuti zaka dziko vosprjala kuchokera nthawi yozizira kugona, ngati chimbalangondo amphamvu. Zazhurchal mitsinje, kunong'onezana mawu a choonadi za zowopsya za Stalinism ndiponso misasa Gulag, mawu a ndakatulo adawomba pa chipilala kuti Pushkin, dudes monyadira anagwedeza awo bouffant hairdos ndi kunyamuka kwa kuvina thanthwe 'n' mayina. Za chithunzi ichi akamachita mafilimu amakono potengera mutu wa makumi asanu ndi zaka zao za sikisite. Kalanga, zinthu sizinali bwino. Ngakhale asintha khalidwe lawo ndi anamasulidwa akaidi Political kukhalabe disenfranchised. Nyumba sikunali kokwanira, ndi "wamphamvu", nzika si pansi.

Ndipo panali chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe chawo maganizo. Ngakhale anthu amene avutika kwa nkhanza Stalin, kawirikawiri anakhalabe mafani wake. Iwo sakanakhoza kupirira chipongwe anasonyeza pa chiwonongeko cha mafano awo. Ine ndinapita pun za mpatuko, amene Inde, anali komanso za dzina zomwe zinachitika. The lingaliro anali oipa mphambu nisprovergatelya ndi wolakwa mu kuzunzidwa.

Stalinists linapanga mbali yaikulu ya amakhumudwa mfundo Khrushchev ndi kuchotsedwa kwake mphamvu adazindikira ngati chilango chabe.

wotchuka kusakhutira

Mu zaka zao za sikisite oyambirira mmene chuma chikuyendera la Soviet Union anayamba kutha. The zifukwa anali ambiri. zolephera mbewu ankabwerera minda, osauka mamiliyoni ambiri a ogwira ntchito amene ankagwira ntchito pa malo m'tawuni yomanga ndi mafakitale. The miyeso mu mawonekedwe a misonkho apamwamba pa mitengo ndi ng'ombe m'mavuto aakulu kwambiri: misa yodula ndi "kuwomba pansi mpeni" katundu.

Zidzachuluka ndi ambiri wokhala pambuyo pa zaka zambiri "mantha wofiira ndi" chizunzo anakumana okhulupirira. Khrushchev Activities m'dera lino akhoza monga woipitsitsawu anafotokoza. Kuumirizidwa mobwerezabwereza kutsekedwa kwa mipingo ndi mchitidwe umenewu zinachititsa kuti kuphana.

Choncho bwino imachitikira ndi osaphunzira kusintha "Polytechnic" sukulu. Ife anathetsa yekha mu 1966, ndipo zotsatira bwanji kwa nthawi yaitali.

Komanso, mu 1957 boma anasiya malipiro pa chuma, zaka zoposa zitatu mokakamiza zoyikidwa ndi antchito. Lero adzatchedwa ndi kusakhulupirika.

Chifukwa kusakhutira anali ambiri, kuphatikizapo mlingo wa kukula mu mafakitale, limodzi ndi kuchepa mu mitengo, pamodzi ndi kukwera mitengo chakudya. Ndi chipiriro anthu palibe anapulumuka: zipolowe anayamba, wotchuka kwambiri amene anali Novocherkassk zochitika. Antchito kuwomberedwa mu mabwalo a, opulumuka anakhudzidwa, woyesedwa, ndi alamulidwa muyeso womwewo apamwamba. Anthu ndi funso zachilengedwe lakuti: chifukwa Khrushchev anadzudzula mpatuko Stalin wa umunthu ndi zimene bwino?

Kenako wovulalayo - onyamula Mphamvu ya USSR

Mu theka lachiwiri la makumi asanu, ndi Soviet Army chinaperekedwa ku yaikulu pamenepa, ndipo yowononga kuukira. Ayi, asilikali a NATO ndi America ndi mabomba a hydrogen chawo ikuchitika. USSR anataya asilikali 1.3 miliyoni mu malo mtendere kwambiri. Nkhondo yomaliza, akhala akatswiri ndi kanthu kwambiri amene sangathe, koma kutumikira Mama, asilikali anali pa msewu - iwo kudula. Kaperekedwe Khrushchev amene iwo akanakhala phunziro la kafukufuku chinenero, koma kusindikiza censors lonena sibwenzi kuloledwa. Pankhani zombo, ndiye pali ngakhale kucheza wapadera. Onse sitima zazikulu-mphamvu kuonetsetsa mtendere wa kugwirizana panyanja, makamaka Nkhondo, monga kudula kwa zidutswa. Inept ndi achabechabe anatsala pamalo abwino zofunika m'munsi mu China ndi Finland, asilikali kumanzere Austria. N'zokayikitsa kuti mokwiya kunja kuti kuvulaza kwambiri monga "chomwe ndi" ntchito Khrushchev. Adani a maganizo amenewa anganene, iwo amati, kuopa nkhondo yathu strategy kunja. Kalanga, iwo anayamba pansi Stalin.

Mwa njira, sanalekerere Woyamba ndi mpulumutsi wake pa "odana Party lapamtima". Zhukov kuchotseredwa maudindo otumikira, anatengedwa kuchokera Presidium m'Komiti ya ku Central ndipo anatumizidwa ku Odessa - analamula distilikiti.

"Ine anaikira mu manja awo ..."

Inde, ndiwo mawu a pangano ndale Lenin ali ndithu applicable kwa ogwetsana ndi mwambo Stalinist. Mu 1958, N. S. Hruschev anakhala wapampando wa Bungwe la nduna chipani chimodzi chokha kulamulira sikunali kokwanira. Management njira, pabwino monga "Leninist", makamaka sanalole mwayi wolankhula maganizo zomwe sizigwirizana ndi mzere ambiri. Umboni wina wa pakamwa pake anali mlembi woyamba. Pakuti authoritarianism ake onse, I. V. Stalin zambiri anamvera amakhulupirira, makamaka ngati akuchokera anthu amene amadziwa ntchito yawo. Ngakhale mu zaka zambiri komvetsa chisoni kwa "wankhanza" akhoza kusintha chisankho, ngati anali iye cholakwika. Khrushchev nthawi zonse oyamba kunena maganizo awo ndipo aliyense wokana anazindikira ngati chipongwe munthu. Komanso, miyambo yabwino ya Communist, iye ankaganiza kuti anali munthu wodziwa zonse - kuchokera luso zaluso. Aliyense ali bwino nkhani m'bwalo, pamene avant-garde ojambula zithunzi anakhudzidwa ndi kuukira wagwa anakwiya kwambiri, "mkulu wa chipanichi." Panali mavuto a olemba manyazi, Osema anakhala mkuwa kunyozedwa, amene "pa mivi si kokwanira." Mwa njira, pa iwo. Mmene Khrushchev anali katswiri mu munda wa rocketry, alankhula zimasonyeza maganizo ake V. A. Sudtsu, anayambitsa ADMS "Dvina" (S-75) kumbali yawo zovuta ... Chabwino, ambiri, kutali. Iwo anali mu 1963 mu Kubinka, pamalowa.

Khrushchev-nthumwi

Mmene N. S. Hruschev Ndawombetsa nsapato yake pa olankhulira aliyense amadziwa ngakhale masiku ano ophunzira chilichonse, koma anamva zimenezi. No zochepa wotchuka ndi anachititsa mavuto omasulira mawu za phala, zimene mtsogoleri Union ndati ndikusonyezeni lonse capitalist dziko. izi ndi mau awiri amadziwika ngakhale kuti unali mu mwachindunji poyera awo Nikita Sergeyevich kwambiri. Koma chinthu chachikulu - osati mawu koma ntchito. Ndi mawu onse groznosti, mfundo zenizeni za USSR adagonja ndi pang'ono. Wofuna kutumiza mivi kwa Cuba anapezeka ndi nkhondo inayamba, pafupifupi anayamba chifukwa cha imfa ya anthu onse. Alowererepo pa Hungary wachititsa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa ngakhale pakati pa anzawo a ku USSR. Support "mwapang'onopang'ono" Maulamuliro mu Africa, Latin America ndi Asia m'malo mtengo osauka bajeti Soviet odula kwambiri ndipo alibe cholinga tikwaniritse zolinga aliyense lipindulitsa pa dziko, ndi kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwambiri mayiko a azungu. The E Machenjera ameneŵa anali Khrushchev yekha. Ndondomeko osiyana States kuti amaganiza okha zinthu yochepa. Icho ndicho chimodzimodzi chimene chinaperekedwa kwa Ukraine, Crimea, ngakhale panthawi imeneyo palibe munthu anakhoza adalosa kuti asankhe zimene zinkatanthauza zotsatira lonse.

limagwirira zitasintha

Choncho zimene anali Khrushchev? Tebulo mu magawo awiri kumanja amene anasonyeza zingakhale zinthu zothandiza, ndi lamanzere - zoipa, kodi kusiyana pakati pa mbali ziwiri za khalidwe lake. Ndipo pa tombstone ndi, analenga Eti walumbirira izo Ernst wosadziwika, pamodzi wakuda ndi oyera. Koma ndi lyrics, koma kwenikweni kuchepetsa Khrushchev anali makamaka chifukwa kusakhutira ndi chipani nomenclature awo. anthu ngakhalenso kapena asilikali, kapena udindo wapamwamba a CPSU sanafunse kuti, zonse anaganiza mseri ndipo, ndithudi, mobisa.

Mutu wa State anali kupumula mwakachetechete Sochi, ponyoza kunyalanyaza machenjezo a chiwembu analandira. Pamene ndinaitanidwa kuti Moscow, iye amazikhulupirira mwachabe ankaganiza kuti athetse vutoli. Support Komabe, ayi. The State Committee Security, lotsogoledwa ndi A. N. Shelepinym, anagwirizana ndi achiwembu, asilikali a wasonyeza kotheratu chosalowerera ndale (asilikali ndi adzasonkhanitsa zikuoneka sanaiwale kusintha ndi kuchepetsa). A achiyesa yaitali sanali pa aliyense. yosiya Khrushchev anatenga malo pa mapepala amangotchula ndi wopanda mavuto oopsa.

58 wazaka Leonid Ilich Brezhnev, membala wa Presidium, kutsogozedwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ndi "zokhumba yachifumu." N'zosadabwitsa kuti kunali kusuntha molimba mtima: zinachitikira kulephera zingachitike kwa ophunzira mu chiwembucho akhoza kukhala womvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Brezhnev ndi Khrushchev anali abwenzi, koma mwa njira yapadera, mu chipani. Mofanana ofunda panali ubale Nikita Sergeyevich Lavrenty Pavlovich. Ndipo Stalin pensioner mgwirizano mfundo ndi mankhwala pa nthawi imodzi ulemu. Mu kugwa kwa 1964 nyengo Khrushchev ndiye anali kuyang'anira.

anachita

Mu West, poyamba mosamala kwambiri anakumbatira kusintha boma la Russia ndi kukhalamo aakulu. Andale, nduna yaikulu ndi pulezidenti munaganizapo specter a "Amalume Joe" mu fatigues paramilitary ndi kaliwo wake nthawi zonse. yosiya Khrushchev a zingatanthauze kukonzanso Stalinization ya zoweta ndi mfundo yachilendo wa USSR. Komabe, sizinachitike. Leonid Ilyich kunapezeka kuti wochezeka ndithu mtsogoleri, wochirikiza wa coexistence mtendere wa kachitidwe awiri, ndiyo ambiri olankhula, anaonedwa monga chipembedzo cha pererozhdenchestvo Communist. Mtima kwa Stalin pa nthawi kwambiri anakula kugona ndi comrades Chinese. Komabe, ngakhale yovuta kwambiri wa Khrushchev monga mapangidwe revisionist Sichinatsitsidwe zachititsa kuti nkhondo, pamene pansi Brezhnev, iye anawonekera (pa Damanskiy Peninsula). zochitika Czechoslovak amasonyeza kupitiriza ena mu motetezera akupeza lamadyerero ndipo amatipatsa Kugwirizana ndi Hungary mu 1956, ngakhale kwathunthu zofanana. Umene unayamba kenako mu 1979, nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan watsimikizira mantha zoipa chikhalidwe cha chikominisi dziko.

The zifukwa yosiya wa Khrushchev inkakhala makamaka osati kufuna kusintha vekitala chitukuko, koma chilakolako cha osankhika chipani kukumbukira ndi kukuza zokonda zawo.

Chimodzimodzi manyazi mlembi anakhala nthawi ina yake mu kulingalira chisoni pa tepi nadiktovyvaya Maulendo, limene anapereka zifukwa zochita zawo, ndipo nthawizina chowadandaulira iwo. Kwa iye, kuchotsa ku ofesi zinatha bwino ndithu.