Civil nkhondo China: amachititsa, zotsatira

Chinese nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa Party Communist ndi Kuomintang anakhala mmodzi wa yaitali ndi kiyi nkhondo ya atumwi XX. CCP chigonjetso zinachititsa kuti chakuti Asian dziko yaikulu anayamba kumanga sosholisimu.

Background ndi Kuwerengera

The wamagazi nkhondo ku China anagwedeza dziko kwa zaka kotala. Mkangano pakati pa Kuomintang ndi Party Communist ananyamula khalidwe maganizo. Mbali ina ya anthu Chinese kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Democratic Republic dziko, pamene winayo ankafuna sosholisimu. Chikominisi analipo chitsanzo yowala kutsatira nkhope ya Soviet Union. chigonjetso cha ulimi mu Russia zachititsa chidwi kumbali ambiri anasiya-phiko malingaliro andale.

Civil nkhondo China akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo awiri. Oyamba anadza mu 1926-1937 biennium. Kenako yopuma zokhudzana ndi chakuti, chikominisi ndi Kuomintang anagwirizana mphamvu polimbana ndi olusa Japanese. Posachedwa nkhondo asilikali a dziko la kotulukira dzuwa ku China wakhala mbali ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Pambuyo militarists Japanese anagonjetsedwa, nkhondo yapachiweniweni kupitiriza China. Gawo lachiwiri la nkhondo kunachitika mu 1946-1950 ,.

kumpoto ulendo

Isanayambe nkhondo ku China, dziko unagawidwa magawo angapo osiyana. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi kugwa kwa Mafumu, chinachitika pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Kenako, boma limodzi ndipo si chozama. Kuwonjezera pa KMT ndi wa Chikomyunizimu pali mphamvu lachitatu - Beiyang Army. boma Izi zinali zochokera asilikali wakale wa dziko Qing lachifumu asilikali.

Mu 1926, a KMT mtsogoleri Chan Kayshi anapezerapo nkhondo warlords lapansi. Adakonza kumpoto ulendo. Ntchito asilikali, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana panafika asilikali pafupifupi 250 zikwi. Kai-shek ndi chikominisi amapereka. Izi mphamvu zazikulu ziwiri kupanga Mgwirizano wa Army National Chiwukirano (NRA). Kumpoto ulendo inatheka ndi USSR. The NRA anadza kwa akatswiri Russian asilikali, ndipo boma la Soviet aziwapatsa ndege nkhondo ndi zida. Mu 1928, warlords ndi anagonjetsedwa ndi dziko anali ogwirizana mu ulamuliro wa KMT.

kusiyana

Pamaso kumpoto ulendo itatha pakati pa Kuomintang ndi achikomyunizimu yogawikana, chifukwa limene linayamba kutsatira nkhondo ku China. March 21, 1937 National Army Chiwukirano anatenga Shanghai. Atanena izi kusiyana ogwirizana anayamba kuonekera.

Chan Kayshi kunyndira, chikominisi, nalowa mgwirizano ndi iwo okha chifukwa sanafune kuti chiwerengero cha adani monga chipani otchuka. Tsopano pafupifupi ogwirizana dziko ndipo zikuoneka kuti iye akanakhoza kuchita popanda thandizo la Kumanzere. Komanso, mutu wa Kuomintang ankaopa kuti CCP (Chinese Communist Party) kulanda mphamvu mu dziko. Choncho anaganiza Pre-emptive kuponya.

Nkhondo Chinese Civil 1927-1937 gg. Iwo anayamba pambuyo boma Kuomintang unachitikira, chikominisi, kumangidwa ndi kuwononga maselo awo m'mizinda yaikulu ya dziko. Leftists anayamba kukana. Mu April 1927, adaunyema ndi kugalukira yaikulu ya chikominisi mu posachedwapa ku ukapolo warlords Shanghai. Today ku China zochitika anatchula kuphedwa ndi atali-chosintha kulanda boma. Chifukwa cha kuwombera, ambiri CCP atsogoleri waphedwa kapena anamangidwa. chipani anapita mobisa.

Long ulendo

Mu gawo loyamba la Chinese Civil nkhondo 1927-1937 gg. ankaimira anamwazikana kusiyana mbali zonse. Mu 1931, chikominisi kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe chawo boma pa magawo m'manja mwawo. Iwo ankatchedwa Chinese Soviet Republic. wotsogolera uyu wa China sanalandire kuzindikira zamtendere ndi anthu padziko lonse. Chikominisi anali likulu la Ruijin. Iwo anadziyesa makamaka m'madera kum'mwera kwa dzikoli. Kwa zaka zingapo, Chan Kayshi anayambitsa anayi Maulendo Chilango motsutsa Republic Soviet. Onse anali atathamangitsidwa.

Mu 1934, zochita zionetsero wachisanu. Chikominisi anazindikira kuti mphamvu zawo sikokwanira pakuti kusonyeza chimodzi zambiri anagunda Kuomintang. Ndiye chipani anatenga kusankha zosayembekezereka kutumiza asilikali awo onse kumpoto kwa dziko. Ichi chidachitika mu malingaliro a polimba Japanese pa nthawi ankalamulira Manchuria ndi kuopseza mu China. Komanso, kumpoto kwa PDA anali kuyembekeza kuti amuthandize ndi osamva pafupi Soviet Union.

The Long March anapita khamu kukula kwa anthu 80 sauzande. Mtsogoleri wake anali Mao Tszedun. Bwino ntchito zovuta anamupanga iye Woyesana mphamvu mu Party lonse. Kenako mu hardware zovuta kuti tichotse adani anu ndi kukhala wapampando wa komiti ya Central. Koma mu 1934 anali mtsogoleri yekhayo.

Akuluakulu chopinga asilikali CCP anali wamkulu Yangtze Mtsinje. Pa magombe ake, KMT asilikali walenga zopinga zambiri. nthawi chikominisi anayi anayesayesa kuwoloka kutsidya lina. Pa mphindi yotsiriza, tsogolo la China Liu Bocheng polimbana anatha kukonza tinganene kuti gulu lonse lankhondo kudzera mlatho yekha.

Posakhalitsa asilikali anayamba kukangana. mkulu awiri (Zedong, ndi Jong-gata) woikira utsogoleri. Mao anaumirira kufunika kupitiriza mwachindunji kumpoto. Goliyati anafuna kukhala Sichuan. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, patsogolo khamu logwirizana unagawidwa magawo awiri. Long March wamaliza yekha gawo limene anapita Mao Zedong. Zhang Gata ambiri yomweyo anasiya kwa Kuomintang. Pambuyo chigonjetso wa chikominisi, iye anasamuka ku Canada. anakwanitsa asilikali Mao kuti tigonjetse njira makilomita 10 zikwi ndi maiko 12. Kukwera inatha October 20, 1935, pamene asilikali Communist mizu Vayaobao. Ndi anthu 8000 chokha chimene chatsalira.

Xi'an chochitika

Kulimbana wa chikominisi ndi Kuomintang kale inatenga zaka 10, panopa lonse la China ndi kuopsezedwa za phukusi Japanese. Nthawi imeneyo kumeneko kale anali ena skirmishes ku Manchuria, koma Tokyo sanabise zolinga zawo - iwo ankafuna kwathunthu kugonjetsa wofooka ndi kutha ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, mnzake.

Imeneyi ndi magawo awiri a anthu Chinese anali kupeza chinenero pofuna kupulumutsa dziko lake. Pambuyo Long March, Chan Kayshi kuti azikamugwirira kumaliza anagonjetsera, chikominisi, anathawa kwa kumpoto. Komabe, December 12, 1936 Pulezidenti wa KMT anagwidwa ndi akazembe ake. Yang Hucheng ndi Zhang Syuedyan adamfunsa kwa pulezidenti kupanga mgwirizano ndi Chikomyunizimu kwa kulimbana olowa motsutsa aggressors Japanese. Pulezidenti kuzilandira. amangidwe linadzatchedwa Xi'an Zadzidzidzi. Posachedwapa, iye anali kutsogolo united, chimene chingalowe kulimbikitsa anthu Chinese wa maganizo osiyanasiyana pa ndale za chilakolako kuteteza ufulu wa dziko.

Japanese kuopseza

Kwa zaka zambiri anthu Chinese nkhondo yapachiweniweni anagwetsa nthawi za phukusi Japanese. Pambuyo Xi'an Zadzidzidzi mu 1937 mpaka 1945 pakati, chikominisi ndi Kuomintang anakhalabe ndi mgwirizano pa anagwirizana kulimbana ndi wankhanza wa. Tokyo militarists poganiza kuti mosavuta kusamalira kugonjetsa China, magazi chitsutso mkati. Komabe, nthawi zasonyeza kuti Japanese zinali zolakwika. Pambuyo iwo analowa mu mgwirizano ndi Nazi Germany, ndi ku Ulaya, Anazi anayamba Ntchito yomangayi, ndi Chinese anathandiza anagwirizana mphamvu, makamaka United States ndi Soviet Union. Achimereka anali motsutsa Japanese pamene iwo Pearl Harbor.

The nkhondo ku China Mwachidule, ndi Chinese adzasiyidwa kanthu. Zida, imapanga nkhondowo ndi mphamvu ya asilikali kuteteza anali otsika kwambiri. Pafupifupi ya Chinese anataya anthu nthawi 8 kuposa Japanese, ngakhale kuti pa mbali woyamba laling'onolo. Japan mwina atha kumaliza alowerere, ngati si kwa adani. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Germany mu 1945 potsiriza anamasulidwa manja a Soviet Union. Achimereka, amene poyamba anachita motsutsana ndi Japanese makamaka panyanja kapena mlengalenga, m'chaka chomwecho waponya mabomba awiri atomiki pa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Ufumu ndinagona pansi manja ake.

Gawo lachiwiri la nkhondo yapachiweniweni

Pambuyo Japan potsiriza anagonja, malo Chinese kachiwiri wogawanika pakati, chikominisi ndi mbali ya Kai-shek. Aliyense mode anali kulamulira maiko amenewo kumene kunali asilikali okhulupirika kwa iye. The CPC anaganiza kufalikira ake kumpoto kwa dzikolo. Apa timayenera malire ndi Soviet Union wochezeka. Mu August 1945, achikomyunizimu anatenga mzinda ofunika kwambiri monga Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao ndi Shanhaiguan. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Mao Zedong anali Manchuria ndi Mumtima Mongolia.

KMT ankhondo anamwazikana kudutsa dziko. Gulu chachikulu chinali kumadzulo pafupi Burma. Nkhondo ya pachiweniweni 1946-1950, China. Iwo amakakamizidwa maboma ambiri achilendo kusintha maganizo awo zimene zikuchitika m'chigawo. US nthawi yomweyo progomindanskie malo. America kuzindikiridwa shek nyanja ndi mpweya magalimoto chifukwa kusintha mofulumira mphamvu kummawa.

khama mtendere

Zimene zinachitika pambuyo agonje kwa Japan, zinachititsa kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni wachiwiri China koma atayamba. Pankhaniyi, osanenapo zoyesayesa za zipani kunena kuyambirira pangano mtendere. October 10, 1945 mu Chongqing, Chan Kayshi ndi Mao Tszedun anasaina mgwirizano kake. Adani alonjeza kuti mupewe asilikali ake ndi mavuto dziko. Komabe, kusiyana m'dera anapitiriza. Ndipo pa October 13, Chan Kayshi analamula zikuluzikulu zolawula. Kumayambiriro kwa 1946, Achimereka anayesetsa kukambirana ndi adani dzanja lake. Mu China anaulukira General Dzhordzh Marshall. Atatero, chikalatacho yosainidwa, lomwe linatchedwa January ceasefire.

Komabe, m'chaka cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni mu 1946-1950, China. Anayambiranso. Chikominisi Army otsika KMT monga njira ndi zipangizo. Iye anagonja kwambiri za China lamkati. Mu March 1947 chikominisi anagonja Yan'an. Mu Manchuria asilikali CCP anagawidwa m'magulu atatu. Imeneyi, iwo zambiri amayendetsera, kotero kuti apindula nthawi zina. Achikominisi ankadziwa kuti Chinese Civil nkhondo 1946-1949 gg. iwo adzataika ngati simuchita mpaka kusintha kwakukulu. Iwo anayamba chilengedwe yaukapolo wa gulu zonse. Pofuna kutsimikizira anthu wamba kumanja kwa kuwuluka kumbali yake, Mao Tszedun anayambitsa kusintha dziko. Anthu a m'mudzimo analandira magawo, ndi chimadalira pa kulemba anthu usilikali anakulira mu ankhondo, amene anachokera m'mudzi.

Zimayambitsa wa Civil nkhondo ku China zaka 1946-1949. Iwo anapeza kuti kutha kwa kuopseza alowererepo zakunja dziko kamodzinso zakulitsa kusiyana machitidwe awiri wosadzayanjanika ndale. Sakananena KMT ndi wa Chikomyunizimu akhoza azikhala mu chikhalidwe chimodzi. China ayenera kupambana mtundu wina wa mphamvu ya zomwe zinali tsogolo la dziko.

Zimayambitsa wovulala

Chikominisi anasangalala thandizo ndithu Soviet Union. Soviet Union sanali kanthu kuti nkhondo, koma moyandikana ndi zipani, ndithudi, masewero m'manja a Mao Zedong. Moscow anagwirizana kupereka comrades Chinese onse Japanese anagwira zovala zanga posinthanitsa ndi chakudya kwa Far East. Komanso, kuyambira chiyambi cha siteji yachiwiri ya nkhondo pansi pa ulamuliro wa CCP zinali zikuluzikulu mizinda mafakitale. Ndi zomangamanga amenewa akhoza msanga kulenga asilikali wachibadidwe latsopano, zambiri okonzeka ndi ophunzitsidwa kuposa angapo zaka.

M'chaka cha 1948 anayamba zikuluzikulu chikominisi tiponye Manchuria. Opaleshoni kutsogoleredwa ndi Lin Biao - walunthayu asilikali mtsogoleri ndi tsogolo polimbana la China. Kukwaniritsidwa kuukira anali liaoshen yapadera imene anagonjetsedwa ndi gulu lalikulu la asilikali a Kuomintang (anthu pafupifupi hafu miliyoni). Kupambana analola, chikominisi kukonzanso magulu awo. zisanu makamu lalikulu, aliyense amene opareshoni mu dera lina la dziko lisanalengedwe. Izi zitsulo kupanga nkhondo mgwirizano ndi maloboti. The CPC anaganiza kutengera zinachitikira Soviet wa Great kukonda dziko lako lonse, pamene amadzibisa lalikulu anakhazikitsidwa mu Red Army. Pa nthawi yomweyo Chinese Civil nkhondo 1946-1949 gg. Iwo anasamukira ku mbali yake yomaliza. Kamodzi atamasulidwa Manchuria, Lin Biao teamed ndi gulu, pogwiritsa ku North China. Pakutha 1948, chikominisi, anakula mphamvu mabeseni zofunika chuma khala Tangshan.

CCP chigonjetso

Mu January 1949, molamulidwa ndi asilikali anadzasokoneza pa Tianjin Biao. PDAs bwino yoweramitsidwa gomindanskogo mkulu wa kutsogolo kumpoto kwa ndikupereka popanda kumenyana Beiping (ndiye dzina la Beijing). Kuwonongeka anayambitsa shek akamufunsirire ndi osayanjanitsika kwa mdani. Zinatha mpaka April. The Kale Xinhai utasintha ndi nkhondo ku China adakhetsa mwazi kwambiri. Mu Kuomintang ndinkaona kusowa ndalama anthu. mafunde angapo yolimbikitsa zinachititsa chakuti analembedwa kumene usilikali kutenga mophweka paliponse.

Mu April, achikomyunizimu anatumiza Baibulo awo mdani yaitali pangano mtendere. Malinga musankhepo pambuyo tsiku la 20 la PDA si ankayembekezera poyankha zothetsera kuti wayamba kuukira wina. asilikali anawoloka Yangtze Mtsinje. May 11, Lin Biao anatenga Wuhan, ndipo pa May 25 - Shanghai. Chan Kayshi anasiya kumtunda ndipo anasamukira ku Taiwan. Kuomintang boma ku Nanjing kuti Chongqing wapita. nkhondo tsopano imachitika yekha kum'mwera kwa dziko.

Chirengedwe cha China ndi mapeto a nkhondo

October 1, 1949, chikominisi, analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa latsopano Republic of China (PRC). Mwambowu unachitikira ku Beijing, omwe anakhala likulu la dziko kachiwiri. Komabe, nkhondoyo ikupitirirabe.

8 Guangzhou analandidwa. The nkhondo ku China, zimayambitsa amene anali ofanana mphamvu wa chikominisi ndi Kuomintang, tsopano akubwera ku mapeto ake ndi zomveka. Boma posachedwapa anasamukira ku Chongqing ndi US ndege potsiriza anasamutsidwa ku chilumba cha Taiwan. Ndi kasupe wa 1950, achikomyunizimu kwathunthu anagonjetsa kum'mwera kwa dziko. asilikali Kuomintang amene sanafune kuti adzipereke, ndipo anathawira ku oyandikana French Indochina. Mu kugwa kwa asilikali China anatenga ulamuliro wa Tibet.

Zotsatira zake za nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku China kugona chakuti chikomyunizimu unakhazikitsidwa mu dzikoli ndi lalikulu ndi waukulu. KMT lili okha Taiwan. Pa nthawi yomweyo lero, akuluakulu Chinese kuganizira chilumba mbali ya m'gawo lake. Koma kwenikweni kuyambira mu 1945 pali la Republic of China. Vuto la kuzindikira mayiko wa State ulipobe.