Warsaw kugalukira. Wachiwiri World nkhondo. nkhani

Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itayamba mu 1939 ndipo inatha mu 1945. Pa nthawi yonse ya nkhondoyo anaphedwa ambiri anthu, ngakhale zambiri unalasidwa, ambiri akusowa. Mu nthawi iliyonse ya nkhondoyo anali ngwazi ake ndi maganizo umunthu. mitundu yonse ya Mgwirizano wa ankamenyana kwa dziko lakwawo, yosalekerera moyo. Zinali nazonso ndi nkhondo yomenyele ufulu wadziko ku Poland. Mbali yofunika ya nthawi iyi anali 1944 Warsaw Zipolowe. Pa pali zokambirana lero. Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za mwambo umenewu ndi kutanthauzira osiyana kwambiri.

A mwachidule mbiri ya chisanadze nkhondo Poland

Pambuyo First World nkhondo mu Poland, pali kulimbana tima mphamvu. Only mpaka 1926 panali kusintha kwa boma 5. Chuma pambuyo nkhondo ofooka kwambiri, anthu chinawonjezeka wosakhutira. Against maziko awa, panali chiwembu J. Pilsudski. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anakhala mkulu wa asilikali, ndipo anasankhidwa pulezidenti Ignatsi Mostsitsky. Ndipotu m'dziko kukhazikitsa kupondereza asilikali. Zaka zotsatira mu Poland ndi citukuko. Mu 1935, pansi pa malamulo atsopano, ambiri ufulu anasamutsa pulezidenti. Ndipo 1938 anaona yanyumba ya Party Communist.

Germany waika patsogolo zingapo zofuna Poland, izo zimasokoneza palokha mu 1938. Pambuyo kukana kwawo, September 1 1939 , asilikali a ku Germany anayamba nkhondo. Kale September 27 ankhondowo German analowa Warsaw. Patapita mlungu umodzi capitulated otsiriza Polish lalikulu wagawo usilikali ndipo dera lonse la Poland anali pansi ntchito yake. Mayiko mayiko wotanganidwa panali magulu angapo kupanduka. Zikuphatikizapo: Army Ludowa, Home Army, osiyanasiyana palokha zigawenga kuyenda. Zinali iwo amene anakonza Warsaw Zipolowe za m'chaka cha 1944.

Udindo wa asilikali pamaso pa Warsaw Zipolowe

Asilikali Soviet mu 1944, zinachititsa nagonjetsa pa amadzibisa onse. A masiku angapo asilikali anayenda pafupifupi 600 makilomita. Pezani patsogolo anali pafupifupi asakhalenso amapereka. Air mphamvu anali koma kusamuka kwa ndege pafupi kutsogolo. Malinga ndi dongosolo, kumasulidwa kwa Warsaw anali kuonedwa pa flanks awiri a 1 Belorussia Front. Mpaka chiyambi cha August, asilikali anafika ku mzinda wa Warsaw - Prague. Izi zachitika kuti tipite patsogolo 2 alonda thanki Army. Posachedwapa, iye anali anakumana ndi atali-amanyansidwa wa asilikali German, amene wapeza mphamvu yaikulu - malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, panali 5 oti muli nazo zida magulu German. The Soviet Army anakakamizika kusiya ndi kuyamba chitetezo. Olemba mbiri ena amanena kuti tiponye Soviet anasiya chifukwa cha chochitika, kuphatikiza asilikali anaphwa 600-kilometre yaitali kuponya. Ena ofufuza mbiri asilikali amanena kuti asilikali utsogoleri mu umunthu wa Stalin sankafuna kuti athandize kulimbikira Polish, amene anayamba Warsaw Zipolowe mu 1944.

Chiyambi cha kugalukira ndi

August 1, likulu la Poland kugalukira anayamba. Adakonza kupanduka wake National Army. Mu mbiri ya Warsaw alipo komanso masiku wakuda ndi oyera. Ndani mwa iwo amanena nthawi ino, funso osokoneza. Pambuyo belu pa umodzi mwa mipingo ayamba kumenyana yomasulira mzinda kuchokera ankhondowo German. Okhalamo sitinazione chiyambi cha Warsaw Zipolowe ndipo poyamba anali mwamtheradi asanakonzekere iye. Pasanapite nthawi, opandukawo anakwanitsa gawanikani mzindawo ndi kwathunthu kukhazikitsa amailamulira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Zitsulo analephera analanda nyumba, ndege ndi milatho waukulu mtsinjewo. Oklemalas Germany anaponya kulimbana kwambiri ndi gulu la zigawenga ochokera m'madera ambiri.

Ngakhale pambuyo ankachititsa yolimbikitsa chiwerengero Army Regional kwambiri Polemeretsedwa inu, kuti mudzikonzere anthu analibe kanthu. Mu 34 zikuluzikulu chinthu anamasulidwa 383 akaidi msasa anagwidwa kumayambiriro kwa 1944 Warsaw Zipolowe. Kuyambira nthawi kuti opandukawo anayamba kusewera. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa tsiku loyamba la chiwembu la zigaŵenga zankhondo anataya pafupifupi 2,000 nkhondo. Choncho ambiri anaphedwa ndi anthu wamba. Asiriyawo m'misewu ndi anathandiza kupanduka a anthu: okwatiranawo kudutsa opandukawo kudzera ngalande za mobisa, kusamalira kwa asilikali ovulala. Popeza anthu awa sadziwa nkhondowo, iwo anali akuvutika woyamba ndi bomba ndi shelling.

mawu ochepa A za Chathetsa Army

Asilikali gulu, kuchita m'dera la Poland pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, linali dzina la Chathetsa Army. Zinali Kumvetsela ku boma Polish, amene mu 1939, anachoka ndi anapitiriza ntchito zawo mu London. Fundo AK anawonjezera kuti dera lonse la Poland ndi cholinga chake chachikulu ndi nkhondo Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo German. milandu kugunda ake ndi asilikali Soviet zambiri zinachitika. Ena ndikunenezani kwa AK pofuna kuwononga Chiyukireniya mphamvu kukonda dziko.

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha asilikali mayunitsi asilikali anali mu 1944 - za 380 zikwi anthu .. Mu dongosolo wake, lagawidwa ransacked - amaphatikizidwa chigawocho ndi chigawo. Kapangidwe inkakhala AK nzeru, mayunitsi zonyoza zimayenda. Pamene ntchito Warsaw Zipolowe Chathetsa Army anali kumasula mzinda ku Germany mpaka kufika kwa asilikali Soviet.

Little za Warsaw

Warsaw - likulu la dziko European ndi mbiri olemera ndi aakulu. m'tawuni ali chiyambi chake penapake cha m'ma XIII. Basi ndiye panali waukulu woyamba yamalinga kuthetsa pa dera la tsogolo la Warsaw. Mu 1526, pambuyo pa imfa ya mzinda Prince Mazowiecki iye anali wolumikizana ndi ufumu Polish ndipo ali nacho, pa ndime ndi midzi yonse. Kumapeto kwa chiyambi cha zaka XVI XVII Warsaw amakhala likulu la Poland. Izo zinachitika chifukwa cha yabwino Hrs malo a mzinda, komanso pazifukwa zandale.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII Warsaw anadutsa pa chiyambi cha Prussia. Pali iye anakhala kanthawi ndipo kale mu 1807 akadzagonjetsedwa Napoleon, asilikali Prussian unakhazikitsidwa Duchy wa Warsaw. Koma unatha mu 1813. Zinachitika chigonjetso cha asilikali Russian pa Napoleon. Choncho anayamba mbiri yatsopano ya Poland. Mwachidule, nthawi imeneyi akhoza yodziwika monga gawo pomenyera ufulu. Koma chiwembu mu 1830 ndi 1863 idatha kugonjetsedwa ndi imfa ya kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zabodza.

Pambuyo World nkhondo yoyamba Poland, potsiriza, kachiwiri anapeza boma lawo. Iwo anayamba nthawi ya chitukuko cha dziko lonse ndi Warsaw makamaka. Ntchito yomanga nyumba yatsopano ndi anthu lonse. Nthawi imeneyi, mapu a Warsaw ali kwambiri kuchuluka.

Mu 1939, dziko loyamba, amene anali anaukira ndi Germany, anali Poland. Warsaw ochuluka monga anayi masabata anatsogolera wosiyana kulimbana ndi Aisiraeli, koma mphamvu anali wosiyana ndi likulu anagwa. Pasanapite nthawi, mzinda aumbike ndi kayendedwe mobisa kulimbana ndi adani. Kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zake, Achiprotestanti wa Home Army, komanso anthu mazana angapo kuchokera Army Anthu anaganiza mu 1944 ku chiwembu cha.

maphwando zida

Warsaw District Chathetsa Army owerengedwa za 30 000 asilikali, limene linali pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri dziko la Germany. Koma zida zabwino Achiprotestanti pafupifupi sanali. Iwo anali mfuti 657 okha, ena 47 mfuti za makina, 2.629 mfuti, mabomba 50,000 ndi pang'ono kuposa 2500 mfuti. Kwa chiwerengero lalikulu la asilikali kuti anali wamng'ono kwambiri. Tikhoza kunena kuti asilikali anaganiza kumenyana ndi manja ndi wamphamvu zonse asilikali German.

Germany, woyamba anayamba abwerere wapanikizidwa asilikali Soviet, anasintha maganizo ake ndi cholinga motsatira chitetezo cha Warsaw ndi kukoka kwa zimenezi mumzinda ndi mzinda wa ambiri zida. Choncho, gulu German inkakhala 600 mfuti kudziletsa injini ndi akasinja, za 1158 mfuti mortars, komanso kwinakwake 52 zikwi asilikali.

Mu Warsaw yokha ndi Aprotestanti kumenyana apolisi kampani:

• Cossacks monga gawo 69 la battalion;
• Apakavalo 3 Battalion;
• Russian 29 Division wa SS;
• Muslim Regiment magawano;
• Chiyukireniya battalion apolisi;
• Russian Kumasuka Anthu Army (RONA) Kaminski;
• Chiazebajani Regiment.

malo andale

Ngakhale mu Poland, panali awiri lotsutsa magulu a zandale. The choyamba - ndi Lublin Committee, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi maulamuliro Soviet mu mzinda wa Chelm kumapeto kwa July 1944. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti pa nthawi ya nkhondo Zitsulo, amene anathandiza boma limeneli, pansi pa lamulo onse ankhondo. Nkhondo itatha, komiti anali kulamulira dziko palokha.

Mphamvu yotsutsa anali zochita za boma Polish, umene kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo anamusiira mu London. Linkadzitenga yekha yovomerezeka ulamuliro. History of Poland mwachidule amatiuza kuti boma limeneli ndi mgwilizanitsi wa Polish zigawenga zambiri kayendedwe, kuphatikizapo Chathetsa Army. Cholinga chachikulu cha S. Mikolajczyk anali kumasula Warsaw ku nyumba isanafike mphamvu Soviet, kuti pakhale wodziimira Poland nkhondo itatha. 1944 anali yotsimikizika cholinga chimenecho.

Aliyense wa m'misasa anafuna zoona, mmodzi ndi yemweyo - kumasulidwa ku Germany. Koma ngati Komiti Lublin waona tsogolo la Poland pansi protectorate Soviet, boma London ali limakonda pa West.

The counterattack wa ku Germany ndi chitetezo cha mudzi akale

Pambuyo Germany oklemalis ndi reinforcements analandira, anayamba zikuluzikulu ndi ankhanza yimitsira wa Warsaw Zipolowe. Ankhondowo anaponya okwatiranawo, amene opandukawo athandiza kumanga wamba, akasinja ndi zida. Patsogolo ndi Aisiraeli anakakamizika kupita anthu unarmed, ndipo okha ndinaima kuseri kwa iwo. The nyumba komwe amati mizu zigaŵenga zankhondo analiza ndi anyantchoche ilipo. Malinga ndi ziwerengero kuyambirira, mu sabata loyamba la chiwembu la kupha anthu wamba pafupifupi 50,000. Tikhoza kunena kuti mapu Warsaw anali m'madera osachepera awiri, monga inawonongeka.

militiamen The anaponyedwa ku Old City, kumene iwo anali mphamvu yaikulu. Chifukwa misewu yaing'ono, zapansi ndi ngalande Zitsulo kumenyana amasowa kwa nyumba iliyonse. Pa kum'mwera kwa kunja kunali tchalitchi, amene masabata awiri, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito yoponya mabomba sanali inawonongedwa. Kumpoto kwa masiku 10, anali kumenyera kuchipatala Ian Mulungu. Krasiński nyumba imene inali kumadzulo kwa malo m'dera chitetezo, unatha motalika, kotero kuti pafupifupi 5,000 opandukawo ntchito ndime mobisa nyumba ya mfumu, anasamukira ku zigawo zina za Warsaw.

August 28, potenga counterattack amenewa, pafupifupi onse magulu zigawenga mu chigawo wakale anawonongedwa. asilikali ovulala ku Germany mwankhanza chisoni akasinja. Ndipo amene anagwidwa, amuna pafupifupi 2,000, anapha ndi kutentha. September 2 akale mzinda chitetezo kwathunthu kuletsedwa.

Aviasnabzhenie

Ngakhale isanayambe kugalukira ndi boma Polish ali anapempha thandizo Achiprotestanti zofunika chida. Choncho, kumayambiriro August, ndege British ikuchitika sorties angapo. A nambala yaikulu ya ndege adaonongedwa ndi ankhondowo, ena anapita ku maziko a. onyamula ochepa anakwanitsa popita ku Warsaw ndi kuonda. Chifukwa m'dera lokwera njira yolimbanirana anagonjetsa Germany, ndi ochepa okha amene ankachita zionetserozo anafika. A zimakhudza kwambiri pa zinthu izo sakanakhoza mwina.

US Air Force anapempha oweruza a chilolezo Soviet Union kumtunda ndege awo mu USSR kwa kotunga zina zake. pempho anakanidwa. Chifukwa chokana, gulu lililonse anamasulira mosiyana. Stalin ananena kuti Warsaw kugalukira - ndi juga, ndipo iye safuna kutenga mbali iliyonse mu izo.

Soviet ndege anayamba akuthandiza opandukawo kwinakwake mu September 13. Chifukwa amasulidwe zipolopolo kuchokera m'mwamba otsika, mphamvu ya kuchita zimenezi wakhala kwambiri kuposa Anglo-American. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndege Soviet zoposa zana sorties pa Warsaw.

Pakati gawo la chiwembu la

September 9 Bor-Komorowski amapanga pofuna woyamba kukambirana ndi Germany kuti mudzipereke. Anthu poyankha kulonjeza kuti tione Chathetsa Army asilikali akaidi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asilikali a Soviet kupanga mseru chifukwa chimene Germany anali kuti mupewe kupitirira Vistula, moto milatho pambuyo pawo. Kuyembekezera kwa pasadakhale winanso wa asilikali, mizati akadali amakana ndikupereka ndi kupitiriza chiwembu chawo zida. Koma September 14 asilikali Soviet anaima kachiwiri. Motero chiwembu mu anatseka misewu wathunthu ndi owerengeka masitolo kuyamba mphamvu.

Kwa opandukawo mu m'ma September anali atathana malo ochepa. Kuwoloka mzinda panali yolimbirana nyumba iliyonse ndi chidutswa chirichonse cha dziko. Mbali Polish wa asilikali ankafuna kuti afumye Vistula Mtsinje, chifukwa mu zisanu battalions anakwanitsa kufika. Mwatsoka, zida ndi zipangizo sangakhoze kutumizira, kotero izo zinali mtundu wa juga wina. September 23 Adani kuposa anaponya ndalama izi mmbuyo. asilikali Polish zomvetsa analipo pafupifupi 4000 omenyana. Kenako, asilikali a mbali awa akhala kalikiliki Union lamulo mphoto kwa amunamuna kulimbana.

Kugonjetsedwa ndi capitulation

Opanda thandizo anakaniza Achiprotestanti nthawi yaitali. Choncho, pa September 24, asilikali German anapezerapo kuukira Mokotów, amene anali kumbuyo mwa masiku atatu okha. September 30 ankhondowo anagonjetsa malo otsiriza kukaniza mu Żoliborz. Bor-Komorowski October 1 analamula asiye-moto, ndipo tsiku lotsatira analandira mawu kugonja, amene pasanapite nthawi anali chosemphana ndi ankhondo German. Choncho anathetsa Warsaw kugalukira.

Pa kumenyanako, asilikali kupanduka wa Zitsulo anataya pafupifupi 20,000 asilikali 15,000 zambiri anatengedwa ukapolo. imfa wamba anthu malinga ndi ziwerengero osiyanasiyana kuyambira anthu kuchokera 150 000 200 000. Ngakhale 700,000 Zitsulo amakakamizidwa mwa Warsaw. zomvetsa German anali motere: 17 000 anaphedwa, 5,000 anavulazidwa, ndi akasinja 300. Komanso anawonongedwa mazana angapo magalimoto ndi mfuti khumi awiri. kumasulidwa Warsaw umachokera miyezi chabe zitatu ndi theka - January 17, 1945. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi mpaka pakhomo la asilikali a Soviet a ku Germany mwadongosolo anawononga mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe cholowa likulu la Poland. Komanso okhalamo lankhosa wamba m'magulu ndende ndi ntchito yaukapolo ku Germany.

Warsaw kugalukira ndi ambiguity onse Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika kwambiri yoopsya ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndi kovuta nthawi kwa anthu Polish. Nkhanza za ku Germany pa yimitsira kukaniza zinkapita malire onse. German Ufumu, anamvera pafupi mapeto, anaganiza izo pa Zitsulo, akupukuta Warsaw ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi, pamodzi ndi ambiri okhalamo. Mwatsoka, andale kwambiri ndi anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu, sanailingalirepo ndi miyoyo ya anthu wamba, zambiri Bole maganizo awo. Tiyeni nthawi iliyonse ngati wa mbiri, ngati Warsaw kugalukira, adzaphunzitsa anthu kukambirana wina ndi mzake ndi kuzindikira moyo wamtendere.