Kuteteza kwa Sevastopol mu 1941-1942. Mzinda wa Hero Hero Sevastopol

Pa July 3, 1942, chitetezo champhamvu cha chilumba cha Crimea, chomwe chinachititsa kuti asilikali a Red Army awonongeke kwambiri, pamapeto pake pamapeto a asilikali athu. Lipoti la Sovinformbureau linati "kulimbika mtima, kukwiya polimbana ndi mdani komanso kudzidalira kwa otsutsa." Zaka zoyamba za nkhondo sizinali zophweka kwa ife, ngakhale kukhulupirira kuti zomwe zikuchitika sizinali kwa aliyense - zinkawoneka ngati loto loopsya. Zowonjezereka, koma panthawi yomweyi komanso zoopsa kwambiri, kuteteza kwa Sevastopol 1941-1942 kunalowa mbiriyakale ya dzikoli. Kukhala olimba mtima ndi kulimbika mtima kwa onse omwe adakhudzidwa ndi zochitika za masiku amenewo sizingatheke.

Dutsa Odessa, koma sungani Crimea

Pa September 12, 1941, Ajeremani anafika pafupi ndi Crimea. Chilumbachi chinali chofunikira kwambiri kwa ife komanso kwa othawa. Kuchokera apa, njira yodutsa pamsewu yotsegulira mafuta ku Romania, yomwe inapatsa asilikali a Wehrmacht mafuta. Chifukwa cha kutayika kwa misewuyi, sitima yathu ya ndege inalephera kuthetsa mabomba oyendetsa mafuta a ku Germany, ndipo iwo sakanatha kulandira mafuta a ku Romania okha, komanso Soviet - chifukwa cha njira yawo yopita ku Caucasus. Bungwe la Red Army lidamvetsa kufunika kwa ndege zowonongeka za magulu a mpikisano, choncho adasamutsira zigawo zina ku Crimea, kuchoka ku Odessa. Motero, kuti apulumutse peninsula amayenera kupereka nsembe mzinda wonse. Nkhondo ya Sevastopol, yomwe idayenera kusungidwa ndi mphamvu iliyonse, inkachitika ndi madzi, mpweya ndi nthaka.

Pofika kumapeto kwa September, Ajeremani anali Kiev ndi ambiri a Ukraine, Smolensk, njira zonse za Leningrad, zomwe zinali zoopsa kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuyandikana kwa mabungwe a adani ndi kuderali kunkafika mkati mwa dzikoli kunanenapo za nkhondo yanthaŵi yaitali ndi yovuta. Pofika mu September, pa nkhondo pafupi ndi Uman ndi Kiev, magulu a South-Western Front adagonjetsedwa, panopa nkhondo yaikulu yafika ku Crimea. Kutetezera kwa Sevastopol kunali malire otsiriza pa chilumbachi, chitetezero chothandiza chomwe chingakhale, ngakhale pang'ono, koma kuti chilepheretse kupambana kwa gulu lankhondo la Germany.

Pa Isthmus ya Perekop

Njira yokhayo yomwe munthu angapite ku Crimea inali Perefe Isthmus. Potsutsana ndi zomwe zinapangidwa mu August, gulu la 51 la Independent Army, lomwe linapatsidwa chitetezo cha peninsula, linali gulu la 11 la Wehrmacht. Asilikali a Soviet analamulidwa ndi Colonel-General f. I. Kuznetsov, German - mkulu wa asilikali Erich von Manstein. Kwa ulemu wa mdani, tifunika kuzindikira kuti pambali ya adani panali mmodzi wa asilikali apamwamba kwambiri a Hitler. Mwamwayi, kumbali zonse za kutsogolo, nthawi zina zimatsutsana wina ndi mzake, anthu oyenerera kwambiri omwe angapikisane nawo mu nthawi yamtendere atagonjetsedwa ngati nkhondo yayikulu yakukonda dziko siinapangitse adani awo akupha. Sevastopol ndi chitetezo cha Crimea pankhaniyi zikhonza kukhala chizindikiro cha atsogoleri a magulu otsutsa.

Bungwe la Independent Army la 51 linaphatikizapo magawano atatu: 276 potsatira lamulo la Major General IS Savinov, wa 156, lolamulidwa ndi Major General P. V. Chernyaev, ndi 106, pansi pa ulamuliro wa Colonel A N. Pervushina. Savinov amayenera kuteteza Chongar Peninsula ndi Arabat Arrows. Chernyayev anakumana ndi ntchito yosunga malo a Perekop mpaka kumapeto, ndipo Pervushin adagawidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Sivash kwa 70 km, ndipo anayenera kulepheretsa msewu wa asilikali a Germany kuti apite ku Sevastopol kumbali yawo. 1941 anali chiwonetsero cha Soviet Army osati kokha poteteza chitetezo cha Crimea, komanso pa mlingo wokonzekera nkhondo yonse.

Pa nkhondo za Perekop

Kuwonjezera pa kayendetsedwe ka maulendo, asilikali okwana 51 anaphatikizanso magulu okwera pamahatchi, komanso atatu: 48 potsatira lamulo la Major-General DI Averkin, wachiwiri wa Colonel VV Glagolev ndi Colonel wa 40 F.F. Kudyurov. Magulu onse atatu a Army 51, kuphatikizapo 271th Infantry Division pansi pa lamulo la Colonel M.A. Titov, anayenera kuletsa zida za tank pa Isthmus ya Perekop ndipo sanalole mdani kuti alowe m'dera limene nkhondo ya Sevastopol inali kale. Magulu anayi a Crimean: 172nd, 184th, 320th ndi 321st - amateteza gombe. Iwo analamulidwa, motero, ndi Colonels IG Toroptsev, VN Abramov, MV Vinogradov ndi IM Aliev.

Kuyambira pa September 24, Ajeremani anayamba kukhumudwitsa. Maunitelo awiri oyendetsa maseŵera, omwe anathandizidwa ndi mabomba ndi ndege, anayesa kupyola muzembe wa Perekop. Pofika pa September 26, iwo anathawa chigwa cha Turkey ndipo analanda tawuni ya Armyansk. Mfuti ziwiri ndi magulu ankhondo okwera pamahatchi, omwe anaponyedwa kuti ateteze mzindawo, omwe adakonzedwa ndi mkulu wa bungwe loyang'anira ntchito, Lieutenant-General PI Batov, sanakhazikitse zopinga zapadera kwa ankhondo a Germany - zawo zonyansa zinali zamphamvu. Pofika pa September 30, asilikali a Soviet anasiya malo awo akale n'kubwerera kwawo.

Kuyambira ku Taman Peninsula

Pazigawo za Ishun, pa October 18, pamene gulu la 11 la German linayambitsa zowonongeka, 9th Rifle Corps ndi magulu angapo osiyana a Black Sea Fleet anasonkhana pamodzi ndipo anakonzeka kuti awononge adani awo ndi ulemu. Inde, mphamvu sizinali zofanana. Atsogoleri a chitetezo cha Sevastopol anamvetsa kuti sangathe kuletsa asilikali a Germany popanda kulimbikitsana, koma nkhondo yoopsa inali kupitiliza kutsogolo, ndipo panalibenso mwayi wopititsa zigawo zina ku malo a Ishun.

Nkhondoyo inatha masiku asanu, panthaŵi yomwe mdaniyo anakhomerera asilikali a Soviet kupitirira mpaka mkatikati mwa chilumbachi. Gulu la asilikali amene anafika silinapulumutse vutoli. Manstein, ndi mphamvu zatsopano, adaponyera kutsogolo magawo awiri a ana aamuna, omwe pa 28 Oktoba anadutsamo. Mbali za Red Army anakakamizika kupita ku Sevastopol. Mbiri ya mzindawo inadzaza ndi zatsopano, zoopsa kwambiri pazaka zonse za masamba ake.

Zinali zophweka pansi pa Kerch, kumene ankhondo athu adachokanso. Malo onse okwera mapiri m'chigawo anali malo amodzi. Mayesero onse a Red Army kuti apeze phindu la Kerch Peninsula sanawonongeke. Msilikali wachiwiri wa German Army Corps wa magulu atatu adagonjetsa magulu akuluakulu a asilikali athu 51, ndipo pa November 16, asilikali ake omwe anathawa adatengedwa kupita ku Taman Peninsula. Tsogolo Mizinda yamasewera Sevastopol Ndipo Kerch adziwa mphamvu yonse ya Wehrmacht. Pofuna kudutsa kufupi ndi gombe lakummwera kwa Crimea, asilikali a Germany adadzazidwa ndi a 54th Army Corps, omwe anaphatikiza magulu awiri a infantry ndi gulu la asilikali, ndi 30 Army Corps, yomwe idali ndi magawo awiri a ana.

Pa njira za Sevastopol

Mphamvu yosalephereka kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo inayimilidwa ndi Sevastopol District District (CDF), yomwe mwina inali malo otetezeka kwambiri ku Ulaya. Anaphatikizapo malo angapo a mfuti, mipanda yamapiritsi, minda yanga, zida zankhondo zazikulu, kapena, monga momwe zinatchulidwira panthawiyo, mabatire okhala ndi zida (BB). Kutetezedwa kwa Sevastopol mu 1941 mpaka 1942 kwadutsa miyezi ingapo m'madera ambiri chifukwa cha malo omwe amatetezedwa kwambiri.

Nkhope yonse ya Nkhondo ya 41 inapita kutali ndi mzindawu. Chiwombankhangachi chinachitikiridwa ndi ankhondo a Black Sea Fleet, chifukwa mphamvu za pansi pa Army 51 zinalipo panthawiyo kuti palibebenso pangozi - anamasulidwa. Anthu oyendetsa banjali anathandizidwa ndi osiyana ndi ndege, magaleta ndi magulu ophunzitsira, komanso mabatire a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuphatikizidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Soviet kugawanika kunayanjananso ndi anthu oteteza mzindawo, koma anali osasamala. Kotero ife tikhoza kunena mosatetezeka kuti kuteteza mwamphamvu kwa Sevastopol mu 1941-1942. Ankachitidwa kokha ndi mphamvu za Black Sea.

Gulu la Soviet linafika mu November linali ndi anthu pafupifupi 20,000. Koma ku likulu la mkulu wa asilikali, zinamvetsetsa kuti kunali kofunika kuti apitirize malire otsiriza a Crimea, ndipo ndende ya Sevastopol inalimbikitsidwa ndi magulu a asilikali a Primorsky, omwe kale ankateteza Odessa, olamulidwa ndi Major General IE Petrov.

Zolonjezedwa zinasamutsidwa ndi nyanja, chifukwa panalibe njira ina. Gulu la chitetezo linadzazidwa ndi anthu 36,000, mfuti mazana angapo, matani makumi khumi a zida, matanki ndi zida zina. Kuchokera pa November 9 mpaka 11, magulu a Wehrmacht anatha kuyendetsa dziko lonse la Sevastopol kuchokera kumtunda, ndipo masiku khumi akutsatiridwa m'malo amodzi adatetezedwa. Kenaka pamakhala mpumulo m'nkhondo zolimbana.

The united front

Mizinda yamasewera Sevastopol Ndipo Kerch m'masiku amenewo a nkhondo molimbika kwambiri m'dzikoli adapeza moyo wawo wosafa chifukwa cha imfa ya zikwi zikwi za otsutsa awo omwe adapeza mphamvu kuti amenyane ndi gulu lamphamvu la adani. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, nkhondoyo ku Crimea inayambanso ndi nkhanza kwambiri m'masiku oyambirira a January 1942. Kwa a Romanians a Evpatoria, omwe adagwidwa ndi nthawi imeneyo, kuwuka kunayambika, koyendetsedwa ndi anthu ammudzimo ndipo adagwirizana nawo ndi machitidwe otsutsana. Pa January 5, mbali zina za Black Sea Fleet zomwe zinatumizidwa kumphepete mwa nyanja zinasamutsira mumzindawu.

Nkhondo zoyamba zinabweretsa chigonjetso chaching'ono kwa asilikali ogwirizana a Soviet - asilikali a ku Romania anagwidwa kunja kwa mzinda. Koma kupambana kwa otsutsawo kunali kwa kanthawi kochepa: pa January 7, atatha kulimbitsa nkhokwezi, Ajeremani anagonjetsa maphwando. Ambiri omenyana nawo adatengedwa kundende. Chida chinatayika, nayenso. Panthawi ya Alushta - Sevastopol, yomwe kwa nthawi yaitali idapitilizabe chitetezo, nayenso tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany. Kuchokera tsopano, chiyembekezo chonse chinatembenuzidwa ku gombe, komwe chitetezo cha Sevastopol chinakonzedwa mokwanira kwa nthawi yaitali. Panalibe masiku osachepera, mzindawo unkafuula nthawi zonse.

Pakuphedwa kwa Luftwaffe

Mzindawu, kupatulapo zida zankhondo, Manstein adaponya gulu lake lochititsa chidwi - Luftwaffe. Gulu la Asilikali "South", lokhala ndi maulendo awiri a mpweya, omwe anali ndi ndege pafupifupi 750, anathandiza magalimoto a ku Germany. Kuti agwire kwenikweni chiphokoso cha Crimea, Hitler sanalepheretse teknoloji kapena mphamvu iliyonse. Thupi lachisanu la Luftwaffe linawombera ku Sevastopol kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu ya 1941, ndipo kale mu May 42 zipangizo zowonongekazi zinkatha kupereka ntchito yomwe Manstein ankagwira. Chitetezo cha Sevastopol 1941-1942 Zaka zambiri, mosasamala za kukhazikika mtima ndi kulimba mtima kwa oyendetsa sitima za Black Sea, anakhalapo kanthawi kochepa chabe mdaniyo ataloŵa mumzindawo. Komanso, kumapeto kwa kasupe pa gawo lino la kutsogolo kunasamutsidwa ndi thupi lachisanu ndi chitatu la mpweya, lomwe linalamulidwa ndi V. von Richthofen. Hitler anasankha mmodzi mwa olamulira ake abwino kuntchito zovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri.

Masewera otetezera a Sevastopol, opulumuka ndi opulumuka ku nkhondo zowopsya, adakumbukirabe za kupitiriza mabomba a mzindawo. Tsiku lililonse Mapulaneti a Luftwaffe adagwa mabomba ku Sevastopol. Mpaka mazana asanu ndi awiri, asilikali athu anali okonzeka tsiku ndi tsiku. Pafupifupi, mabomba oposa zikwi ziwiri ndi theka anaponyedwa, kuphatikizapo zikuluzikulu - mpaka makilogalamu chikwi iliyonse.

Mphamvu zonse za Chijeremani - kuzungulira mzindawo

Ogonjetsa anapereka msonkho kwa zida zankhondo za Sevastopol. Kwa nthawi yaitali kukana nthawi zina kupambana ndi mphamvu za mdaniyo kungakhale pamaso a nyumba za chitetezo, zomwe zinali ku Crimea. Kuti awononge, a Germany anayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowombera zazikulu. Mabatire opitirira mazana awiri, omwe anali ndi mfuti zolemetsa, Manstein anayika pa mzere wa makilomita 22. Kuwonjezera pa 300 mm ndi 350 mm oyendetsa katundu, mfuti za 800 mm zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuchokera ku Germany, mwachinsinsi, makamaka mwachangu mu njira ya Sevastopol, mfuti inaperekedwa ndi mulu wathunthu wa matani oposa 1,000. Anayikidwa m'matanthwe pafupi ndi Bakhchisarai. Kulimbana ndi mphamvu zotero kuti zikhalebe zosatheka. Ogwira ntchito poteteza Sevastopol anatiuza kuti panalibe chida chimodzi chomwe chimangomveka ndi kubangula komanso mphamvu yowonongeka.

Kwa nthawi yayitali asilikali a ku Germany sakanatha kuyamba kugunda kwa mzindawo - azimayi, nyengo ndi kusowa kwa ndondomeko yowononga yosokoneza. Koma pofika kumapeto kwa 1942 zonse zinali zitakonzeka. Kulimbana kwa chilimwe, asilikali a 11 a ku Germany adakula kwambiri ndi matupi atsopano asanu ndi limodzi: a 54, 30, 42, 7, a Romanian, 8 a Romanian ndi 8th Aviation. Monga momwe tikuonera kuchokera kufotokozera nyumbayo, onse awiri adagonjetsa asilikali ndi mphepo.

Mu moto

Kerch Peninsula inakhazikitsidwa m'magulu a 42 ndi 7 a Corps, idakonzedweratu kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa nthaka ndi kulowa mu nkhondo kuti idzalowe m'malo mwa magawano osweka. Phiri lachinayi ndi 46th Infantry liyenera kulowa mu gawo lomalizira la nkhondo, kotero kuti mdaniyo anali ndi magawo anayi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zatsopano zowombera mzindawo. Kotero pamapeto pake izo zinachitika - pansi pa ziwonongeko zamphamvu za mayunja achijeremani ndi kuteteza masewera a Sevastopol masiku ambiri. WWII idatha chaka chokha, inalipo itatu patsogolo, ndipo kutayika kwa asilikali a Soviet ku chipululu cha Crimea chokha chinali zazikulu. Koma palibe amene amaganiza zodzipereka kwa mphamvu zoposa za mdani - iwo adayima mpaka omaliza. Iwo anazindikira kuti nkhondo yovuta idzakhala ya omwe amafa kwambiri, koma sanawone china chilichonse.

The Wehrmacht inakonzera zovuta zazikulu. Lamulo la Army 11, kuwonjezera pa malo osungirako, omwe anabisidwa pa njira za Sevastopol, ankafuna zina zowonjezera zowonongeka ndi magulu angapo a zida zankhondo zochokera ku likulu. Mipikisano itatu ya zida zodzitetezera, gulu lankhondo losiyana ndi mabatolo omwe anaponyedwa ndi mfuti yayikulu anali kuyembekezera nthawi yawo.

Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, pamene ochita kafukufuku wa nkhondo ya Great Patriotic Anaphatikizapo nkhondo yomwe idakalipo m'mbuyo mwa mbiri monga Chitetezo cha Sevastopol mu 1941-1942, Hitler sanagwiritse ntchito ndege ndi mabomba ambiri mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.

Poyerekezera ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chitetezo, malinga ndi akatswiri, chinali pafupifupi chofanana, kuti ndi chimodzi, icho kumbali ina ya kutsogolo. Koma m'chilimwe cha 1942 chiŵerengero chachikulu cha asilikali a Germany chinali chosatsutsika. Kugonjetsedwa koopsa kwa Sevastopol kunayamba pa June 7, koma pafupifupi mwezi umodzi asilikali a Soviet adagonjetsa chitetezocho.

Kutha Kwatha

Kwa pafupifupi sabata yoyamba yoyamba, otsutsa osamvera sanalephere. Otetezedwa bwino m'madontho ndi maulendo, asilikali oyenda panyanja a Black Sea anatsutsa - msilikali wa Wehrmacht kunja kwa Sevastopol, zambiri.

Nkhondo yovuta, yomwe idasintha njira yothetsera nkhondoyi, inachitika pa June 17 kumbali ya kumwera. Ajeremani anatenga malo otchuka m'mbiri monga "Chisa cha Nkhumba", ndipo adayandikira ku phazi la Sapun Mountain. Panthawi imeneyo, nsanja yotchedwa "Stalin", yomwe inkagwira ntchito yotetezera kuchokera kumpoto, inali italandidwa kale ndi asilikali achijeremani. Zili m'manja mwawo ndipo mekenzievaya kutalika. Madzulo, maulendo angapo ambiri adasuntha kupita patsogolo, pakati pa Maxim Gorky-1, monga adatchedwa ndi Germany, ndi bateri la BB-30. Nkhondo yonse ya Northern Bay tsopano ikhoza kutulutsidwa ndi zida za German. Chifukwa cha kutayika kwa batetezi a BB-30 omwe adathamangitsidwa ndi a Red Army, omwe anali kumbali ina ya kutsogolo. Kulephera kubweretsa zida ndi njira zowonjezera kunakhala kosatheka. Koma mphete yamkati ya chitetezo inali yoopsa kwa Ajeremani.

Kumwera gombe la North Bay anali otetezedwa mwachilungamo amphamvu mkuntho mu stride, popanda maphunziro mwatsatanetsatane, Manstein sanayese n'komwe. Iye anapanga ndalama pa anadabwa chinthu, kupewa imfa kwambiri. Mu usiku 28 TH kuti 29 TH wa June, pa pafupifupi chete maboti kufufuma patsogolo mbali ya 30 Corps amaona anabwera Bay ndipo anayamba kuukira. Ndi madzulo a June 30 analandidwa Malakoff.

Kodi zokometsera anali kuwachepera yolimbanirana ndi chakudya, tinaganiza kuchoka pa mlingo wapamwamba ndi atsogoleri akuluakulu a magulu chitetezo Sevastopol ndi olimbikitsa chipani cha mzinda. Ndi kupulumutsa amalinyero, asilikali, kuphatikizapo wovulalayo, komanso kuchepetsa alonda sanapite ...

zomvetsa kanjedza lowopsya

Dongosolo achoke anakwanitsa ntchito ndege, sitima zankhondo ndi maboti kuwala ali mu Black Sea zombo kalembera wanu. Onse anasamutsidwa kuchoka ku chilumba 700 kasamalidwe mkulu wa asilikali, ndege uperekedwa Caucasus akadali pafupi mazana awiri anthu. zikwi zingapo oyendetsa anali wokhoza kumatula pa zotengera m'mapapo. Popeza July 1, chitetezo cha Sevastopol pang'ono anasiya. Pa ena malire anali akadali anamva phokoso la chowomberedwa ndi mfuti, koma iwo anali m'deralo. Kumanzere recaps Maritime Army anasamukira ku Cape Chersonese komwe masiku atatu akulimbikira anakaniza mdani. Nkhondo wosiyana ankapha Crimea zokometsera, zina anatengedwa ukapolo. Kukhazikika okumbukira anthu zochitika Zikho kwa Kuteteza Sevastopol analandira ochepa opulumuka. Monga momwe zothetsera wake Lamulo German pa Cape Chersonese anatha kugwila asilikali oposa zikwi zana Soviet ndi amalinyero, koma Manstein anakana zimenezi, kuti akaidi okha zikwi makumi anai. Malinga ndi kafukufuku Soviet, asilikali anataya 78.230 wopulumuka asilikali ukapolo. Data pa mikono kwambiri amasiyana amene walamula awo German.

Imfa ya Sevastopol vuto la Red Army anali atakula kwambiri, kwa masiku pamene mzinda asilikali athu adalowa monga opambana. Izo zinachitika mu wosaiwalika 1944, ndipo patsogolo anali miyezi ya nkhondo ndi imodzi ...