Kukwera 1905-1907: zolinga. Woyamba Russian zisinthe ya 1905-1907.

Kukwera loyamba 1905-1907. Inachitika chifukwa zinthu zingapo, amene akuwonetseredwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu Russian a nthawi. The vuto chosintha sanali yomweyo, ndipo kubaya pang'onopang'ono chifukwa mavuto osathetsedwa anapeza kuchokera m'ma 19. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, bizinesi anasamukira ku siteji apamwamba a chitukuko - utsamunda, amene anali limodzi ndi aggravation wa zotsutsana onse pa anthu, onse domestically ndi padziko lonse lapansi.

Tsiku ntchito inatenga maola khumi!

Zimayambitsa ulimi wa 1905-1907. Bodza chakuti dziko, mu zigawo zosiyana za anthu, ambiri anthu amene sakusangalala ndi moyo wawo. Dziwani kusowa mphamvu mu malo oyamba a m'kalasi ntchito, amene wakhala mphamvu galimoto mu 1917. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, chiwerengero cha akuluakulu a proletariat mu Russia wafika anthu mamiliyoni khumi ndi zinayi (kuphatikizapo antchito aluso - khumi peresenti). Ndipo industrialists izi miliyoni khumi anakakamizika ntchito maola 14 patsiku (ngati mwalamulo zakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1897 mu tsiku 11 ola ndi theka).

Link popanda kufufuza ndi mayesero

Woyamba Russian zisinthe (1905-1907) kunatheka chifukwa chakuti nthawi yomweyo kalasi machitidwe anali zochepa zokha mu ufulu kuteteza zofuna zawo. Mu Ufumu Russian panali malamulo chinsinsi pa mlingo wa Utumiki wa Mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuti Buku anthu a proletariat, popanda kufufuza ndi mlandu wochita nawo zionetsero. Zochita chimodzimodzi kupita kundende kwa masiku 60 240.

Iwo ankagwira ntchito pittance ndi

The Russian utasintha ya 1905-1907. Tinapatsidwira chifukwa yokumba ndi nkhanza za maofesi ntchito kalasi eni. Mwachitsanzo, mu thandizo lililonse mchere Ruble phindu ntchito wapabanja lachitatu osachepera limodzi (32 wapolisi.), Ndipo mu processing zitsulo ndi mafakitale chakudya ndipo ngakhale zochepa - 22 and 4 masenti, motero. Pa "ndondomeko" m'masiku amenewo, tinakhala ngakhale zochepa - 0,6% ya ndalama za amalonda. Mbali ina, n'kutheka kuti chifukwa chakuti makampani dzikolo oposa theka a ndalama zakunja. Monga kusanthula sheya pa nthawi (magawo sitima Makampani, magombe), ambiri a iwo inafalikira maadiresi mu US ndi Europe, komanso zolemba osati Russian komanso mu English, German ndipo French. Kukwera 1905-1907, zolinga za amene koyamba, satchula zoonekeratu chikoka yachilendo, akuchokera chakuti kunalibe industrialists zokwanira nthumwi za osankhika ulamuliro, amene adzakhala ndi chidwi ndi kukula kwa moyo wa anthu Russian.

"Popularity" wa ndalama Russian anali ndiye chifukwa mu gawo chakuti pa kusintha ndalama za 1897 ndi ruble wa Russian Ufumu chinali chogwirizana ndi golide. Dziko anapita ku mtsinje wa ndalama zakunja kuti "mbali ina" anali achire ndalama mu mawonekedwe a chidwi golide. Choncho, zaka 1887-1913 mu Russian Ufumu anali padera ku mayiko a kumadzulo, pafupifupi biliyoni 1.8 rubles golidi, ndi excreted mu ndalama za biliyoni 2.3 rubles ndi golide.

Linali chakudya ankadya pafupifupi katatu zosakwana m'nyanja

Kukwera ku Russia (1905-1907) inali yoona limene kakhalidwe ka moyo unali ochepa kwambiri kuposa mayiko a ku Ulaya. Mwachitsanzo, nzika za Russian Ufumu pa nthawi ya chakudya ankadya za 3,45 quintals pa chaka anthu, mu US zimakwana anali pafupi matani mu Denmark - pafupifupi 900 quintals, France - oposa theka la tani, mu Germany - 4,32 quintal . Pa nthawi yomweyo mu dziko lathu Tisonkhanitse mbewu zambiri tirigu, zomwe inkatumizidwa, amene analenga preconditions kwa chiphaso cha ndalama kwa Zachuma, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi "kutupikana" anthu - pa ena.

Kukhala m'midzi, pamaso pa chiyambi cha Russian utasintha (1905-1907), linalinso lolemera. Pa nthawi imeneyo, alimi ankafunika kukhoma msonkho yokulirapo ndi ntchito excise, dera wambiri wamba anali azimuth kunsi, ambiri ntchito m'madera anausiya, kupereka theka la zokolola kapena mbali yaikulu ya ndalama. Nzika, Tikawonetsetsa yowonjezera Mabuku awo (chimodzi adakocheza pawiri 300 wamba mabanja ndi malo) ndi chopambanitsa amadalira iwo akubera alimi. Mosiyana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, anthu wamba, chiwerengero cha zomwe zinali ndi 70% ya Russian Ufumu, osachepera nawo ndondomeko za mbiri yakale wotchedwa "utasintha 1905-1907" zifukwa zimene zinali osati kwambiri alimi zolimbikitsa. Komanso, ngakhale madzulo a pa 1917 , tillers ambiri anali monarchists ndi kukhulupirira mu "zabwino wansembe-mfumu."

Mfumu sanafune kusintha

Kukwera ku Russia (1905-1907) kukuchitika chifukwa choti ndondomeko ya anathamangitsa ndi Nicholas II, amene adaganiza kuti asankhe njira ya bambo ake, Alexander III, ndi zina kulimbikitsa autocracy, mmalo moyesera kuti liberalize dziko Russian, anafuna kuti agogo ake, Alexander II. yotsirizira Komabe, anaphedwa mu tsiku pamene iye kulengeza semblance loyamba la malamulo Russian. Mu mpando wachifumu pa kukwera kwake pa zaka 26 Nicholas II ananena kuti kusintha demokalase mfundo tanthauzo, kotero mfumu sizizakutengerani chifukwa cha maganizo oterewa kuti kale kupangidwa mu gawo lina la anthu ophunzira za nthawi, izo sanali kuwonjezera kutchuka kwa mfumu.

Atalephera asilikali ndawala Nicholas II

Ine sindikufuna kuwonjezera ndi Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, umene unachitika mu 1904-1905 gg. Iye anakumasulani Japan, koma ambiri mu ufumu Russian napempha mtundu wa kampeni kumapangitsanso yonena za akuluakulu. Woyamba Russian zisinthe (1905-1907) unayamba m'zaka maudani (kanthu chosintha zinachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba mu January 1905, pamene nkhondoyo inatha mu August chaka chomwecho), omwe anali pa lonse, zinalephereka. Russia sichinayambe analimbitsa linga, anali bwino bungwe asilikali ndi bulu katundu, analikodi anapha asilikali ndi alonda, ndi kudzipereka kwa mpanda wolimba wa Port Arthur, Mukden ndi Tsushima zochitika zagwira kuposa kungasokoneze chifaniziro cha autocrat ndi anamuperekeza wake.

periodization zisinthe

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale kudziwa magawo zotsatirazi ulimi wa 1905-1907:

• The choyamba - mu January-March 1905.
• The chachiwiri, umene unatha kuchokera April kwa August 1905.
• Wachitatu, yomwe inatenga ku yophukira 1905 kuti March 1906

Pa gawo loyamba la zochitika zazikulu zinachitika pambuyo "amagazi Sunday", pamene za zana ndi makumi zikwi proletarians anabwera ndi zizindikiro zina zachipembedzo, ndi pembedzero zosowa za kalasi ntchito kwa Zima Palace, pamene ena a iwo anawomberedwa akufa ndi asilikali a boma ndi Cossacks. Kuwonjezera pa zofuna za chuma kupempha m'gulu mwatsatanetsatane kukhazikitsa ofesi dziko mu maonekedwe a Msonkhano Constituent, kuti atchule ufulu wa kuyankhula, chipembedzo, kulingana ndi lamulo la, kuchepetsa maola ogwilira ntchito, kulekana kwa mpingo ndi boma, maphunziro onse, ndi ena.

The bourgeoisie amapereka lingaliro la msonkhano constituent

Asogolera misa ntchito ya wansembe Georgi Gapon, amene anatenga zaka zingapo mwa apolisi anakhazikitsa "antchito a St. Petersburg Collection", omwe cholinga chake chinali kufooketsa kukopa maganizo chosintha mwa proletariat lapansi. Iye anapanga kudandaula. Nicholas II mondondozana pa likulu sanali. Mu gawo loyamba panafika anthu pafupifupi 810 000 ogwira ntchito anathandiza ophunzira, bungwe chigawo kutumikira zipolowe otchuka. Kukwera 1905-1907, zolinga zimene ziri zosiyana kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, anali koyamba mu khola la sing'anga ambiri bourgeoisie, amene anathandiza lingaliro la msonkhano constituent. Mfumu, poyankha chisokonezo analemba kuti Nduna ya za M'dziko A. Bulygin ndi chofunika kuti akonze kusodza zakonosoveschatelnogo thupi (Duma).

Kukula kwa ndondomeko chosintha: yachiwiri

Pamene anayamba zisinthe zina za 1905-1907? Mwachidule, longosolani gawo lachiwiri akhale motere: mu April-August 1905 mu Amenya panafika anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 0,7, kuphatikizapo ku 12 May kuti 26 July inatenga kuponya ya anthu ogwira ntchito mafakitale nsalu (mu Ivanovo-Voznesensky). Mu nthawi yomweyo, kamodzi pa kasanu m'maboma a gawo European wa Russian Ufumu panali wamba kuukira. Mu kuthamanga zonsezi, boma la August 1905 anapereka chikalata pa chisankho cha Duma, koma ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe adzaponye chisanko. Chisankho thupi limeneli boycotted mwa zigawo zonse za kayendedwe Zionetsero, kotero ine ndikuganiza sichinayambe anakhazikitsa.

Kodi mtundu wa zotsatira pa siteji uno ulimi wa 1905-1907? zolinga wamba anathamangitsa pa zochitika zonse chosintha m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, anali achitsulo chikwaniritsidwa mu August 1905, pamene alimi amatha kupeza mwayi m'mayiko onse. Koma kugula iwo kudzera otchedwa wamba Bank, chimene chingalowe kulola ndekha pang'ono.

Nthawi yachitatu anabweretsa ufulu wa anthu

Mbali yachitatu, umene unachitika mu Russian utasintha (1905-1907), anali motalikitsa. Linayamba September 1905 ndipo inatha mu March 1906. Apa, chochitika chofunika kwambiri chinali zonse Russian ndale sitalaka amene panafika anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri kudutsa dziko. zofunika anali yemweyo - tsiku maola asanu ndi atatu, ndi convening wa Assembly Constituent, ufulu demokalase. mabungwe a boma amayenera kubisa mawu ndi mphamvu zida (dongosolo la General Trepov "musasunge zipolopolo ndi kuwombera akusowekapo kumwazikana khamu"), pa October 17 chaka chomwecho, Nicholas II inaika lamulo limene anapereka chidwi ufulu wa anthu. Amaphatikiza ufulu kusonkhana, msonkhano, kalankhulidwe chitetezo. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo anayamba kutuluka mabungwe malonda, akuluakulu a akuluakulu ogwira ntchito, chinazikidwa mayanjano "Russian mtundu" ndi "October 17", anayamba ulimi kusintha Stolypin.

The zochitika zazikulu za ulimi (1905-1907) monga convocations awiri a State Duma. Awa anali akuyesetsa kuti atembenuke ndi andale ku Russia chifukwa cha ufumu autocratic kwa aphungu. The Duma choyamba ntchito kuchokera April 1906 ndi July chaka chomwecho ndipo anathetsa ndi Mfumu monga mwachangu kumenyana boma pano, yodziwika poyesetsa malamulo kwakukulu (SRs anapereka nationalization zachilengedwe ndi chiyembekezo chakuti umwini patokha dziko ndi ena.).

The Duma sanabwere ndi

Events utasintha (1905-1907) mwa mawu a ntchito ya matupi malamulo simuli bwino. Choncho, Chachiwiri State Duma, wachita mu 1907, kuchokera February kwa June, naperekanso ya bwana kuti akonze funso agrarian ku maphwando osiyana anafunsanso funso chakudya, zokhudza chiyembekezo chakuti Makhotiwa usilikali ndipo usilikali, ndipo anatsutsana ndi "zochita oletsedwa" wa apolisi kuposa cool "anakwiyitsa" boma panopa. Gawo lachiwiri ankaganiza 500 ziwanga, Pakati 38% nawo maphunziro apamwamba, kunyumba maphunziro - 8 peresenti, digiri pafupifupi - pafupifupi 20%, otsika - okwana 32 peresenti. Osaphunzira mu Duma anali peresenti, amene n'zosadabwitsa, popeza pafupifupi 170 ziwanga anali mbadwa za anthu wamba osaphunzira. Koma padali Duma ndi mkulu wa mbewu - 6 anthu, maloya - pafupi sate, ndipo ngakhale ndakatulo.

Chifukwa kuukirako kunatha mu 1907?

Pamodzi ndi kuvunda Kwachiwiri State Duma anamaliza zisinthe ya 1905-1907. Mwachidule ntchito za thupi akhoza monga insufficiently zipatso anafotokoza, chifukwa ine ndikuganiza kachiwiri yaitali anamenyana ndi akuluakulu ena. Okwana zinatengera malamulo 20, amene atatu okha analandira mphamvu ya malamulo, kuphatikizapo ntchito awiri thandizo kwa anthu anakhudzidwa ndi kulephera kwa mbewu.

Zotsatira za Russian zisinthe loyamba

Kuti wabweretsa okhala utasintha Russian Ufumu 1905-1907? Zolinga za zionetsero kwambiri makalasi a anthu pa mwambo umenewu sanali anakumana, kotero akukhulupirira kuti ndondomeko chosintha sanakwaniritsidwe. Zotsatira mu mawonekedwe a kukhazikitsidwa kwa thupi malamulo, woimira chiwerengero cha makalasi, ena ufulu wa anthu, kumene iwo anali. Koma kachitidwe boma wakhala si masinthidwe chilichonse, funso dziko sichinayambe anatsimikiza mtima wonse, zikhalidwe za ntchito ntchito kalasi anakhalabe ankhanza, analinso preconditions kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa ndondomeko chosintha.

Zotsatira za zisinthe m'gulu mapangidwe lalikulu "misasa" zitatu za ndale (boma, owolowa manja, bourgeois ndi demokalase), amene adakali kuchita m'bwalolo Russian ndale mu 1917.