Chovuta kwambiri: mankhwala kapena berkovets. Metrology yokondweretsa

Mwinanso, n'zovuta kupeza munthu wa ku Russia amene sanamve mawu akuti "pood". Komabe, sikuti aliyense anali ndi vuto lina lalikulu la Russian, lomwe limatchedwa "Berkovtsem". Ndi chiyani icho, kapena kani, kuchuluka kotani? Taganizirani za mbiri ya ubale pakati pa miyeso iwiri yolemera, tidzatha kufotokozera kuti ndi olemera - pud kapena berkovets, ndikukambilaninso mfundo zina zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha Ancient Rus.

Mbiri yakale

Izi ziyenera kuyamba ndi mfundo yakuti miyeso yonse yolemera imatha nthawi yayitali, koma ngati mawu akuti "pood" akupezeka m'chinenero chamakono, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri sichikuchitika, "Berkovets" akhala akuikidwa m'manda opanda ntchito. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa kutchulidwa koyambirira kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka masekeli oyezera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kale mpaka zaka za khumi za nyengo yathu ino, ndi chiyani tsopano pabwalo, ndikuganiza, sitingathe kukumbukira. Nchifukwa chiyani mudasowa kuyeza kwalemera? Chinthu chake ndi chakuti nthawi ino ubale wamakono pakati pa zigawo zosiyana ukuyamba kukula, zomwe mosakayika zimafuna kuyika kwa mtundu wina wa kayendedwe kotsitsirana. Izi zinapangitsa kuti magetsiwa agwiritsidwe ntchito.

Choncho, ndizomwe ziweto zimaganizira (mu makilogalamu)? Pafupifupi aliyense wa sukulu adzayankha funsoli. Inde, pafupifupi 16 kilograms. Mwinamwake azimayi ambiri adayesayesa achinyamata kuti akoke kulemera kwa kilogalamu ya kilogalamu, ndipo, ndikufuna ndikukhulupirira, sizinapindule. Khalani monga momwe zingathere, kulemera kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa mwakuya kukumbukira, ndi kumagwirizana, kuchokera mu kuya kwa chidziwitso, mawu akuti "zidole" akuwonekera. Ndichiwerengero chachiwiri cholemera, chirichonse chiri chovuta kwambiri. Ndipo ngakhale kuti Berkovets ankagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi imodzimodzi panthawi imodzimodzi, zizindikirozo zinakhazikitsidwa pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, chifukwa zinali pafupi ndi chenicheni cha munthu wamba. Kufunikira kwa moyo wake wofunikira, wosagwirizana ndi kulemera kwa katundu wolemetsa.

Chovuta ndi chiyani?

Pa funso la zovuta, chikhalidwe kapena Berkovets, yankho ndilokhalondola: ndithudi, lomaliza. Monga momwe ankagwiritsira ntchito poyeza katundu wolemera kwambiri, makamaka mu malonda ochuluka. Kwenikweni, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu monga uchi, potashi, sera. Kodi munthu wa Berber amayeza zochuluka motani? Makamaka khumi. Zosavuta komanso zosavuta, sichoncho? Ndipo ngakhale kuti panali mayina ena muzitsulo zolemera za Ancient Rus, ndizozirombo ndi Berkovo omwe adadzikhazikitsa okha kuti ndi abwino kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kuyesa katundu wolemetsa ogulitsa ogulitsa nthawi imeneyo.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "pood"

Taganizirani mayunitsi onse awiri olemera poyambirira. Poyamba pud anali wofanana ndi mapaundi makumi anayi. Izi, mwachidziwikire, ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Russia muyeso wa kulemera, koma osati za izo mu nkhaniyi. Dzina la puda limabwereranso kumbuyo kwa mawu a Chisilavo, omwe anachokera ku Latin. Ndipo zikutanthauza "kulemera". Kotero chiyambicho chiri chowonekera ndipo zimamveka chifukwa chake zinachitikira.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "Berkovets"

Mbiri ya maonekedwe a Berkovitsa, kapena Berkowska (ngakhale kutchulidwa kotereku angapezeke m'mabuku akale) ndizosavuta kwambiri. Muyeso iyi ya kulemera, mukhoza kutenga dzina lachi Swedish pambuyo pa tawuni ya Russia - Bjerke. Tsopano ndi Primorsk chabe, ndipo kamodzi - chinachake chovuta kubereka mu Russian. Ndipo kodi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito - Berkovets kapena mankhwala? Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawu onsewa amatchulidwa mu Novgorod ndi Pskov. Komabe, njira zawo zinasokonekera m'maganizo. Ndipo ngati choyamba chimawonekera, chachiwiri chingakwaniritsidwe ngakhale m'chinenero chamakono cha slang chosiyana.

Mwa njira, Berkovesk, yomwe mawonekedwe ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri a mawu awa apita, poyamba anali womasulira. Pali zifukwa zokhulupirira kuti zinachokera ku mawu akuti "Berkovsky Pud", onse ochokera ku Sweden omwe amakhala pamwambapa. Ndipo popeza kuti malo amenewa anali malo ofunika kwambiri oyendetsa sitima kuchokera ku Scandinavia kupita ku Asia ndi ku Byzantium, ndipo katundu wotchuka kwambiri pamsewu umenewu anali mchere, sera, ndi zina zotero. , Mawu awa adakhazikitsidwa.

Ndikovuta kumvetsa wowerenga akuganiza za funsolo, ndi chovuta chotani: chifuwa kapena Berkovets? Popeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazomweku kumakhala kosavuta kwenikweni ndipo kumachitika pokhapokha m'mabwalo ochepa a mbiri yakale. Komabe, tikuyembekeza kuti mfundozo zinali zothandiza. Ndipo tsopano, ngati pali chofunikira kufotokozera zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza katundu wolemera kwambiri: Berkovets kapena mafupa, wowerenga sadzatayika, koma adzatha kufotokoza zidziwitso za kale Rus.

Kutsiliza

Zochitika za masiku apitayi nthawi zambiri samafuna chidwi chowerenga ma tsamba a pa Intaneti, koma kudziwa mbiriyakale sikungatheke. Ngati munthu aphunzira chinachake chatsopano chokhudza mbiri yake, mizu ikulowa m'miyezi yakuya, nthawi zonse amatha kudziwa zambiri zothandiza. Tinayesa m'nkhaniyi kuti tiyankhe funso ili: "Ndi chiyani chovuta: pood kapena Berkovets?" Mbiri imasunga zinsinsi zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zimabisa mizu yeniyeni ya munthu, khalidwe lake, malingaliro, chiyembekezo ndi chiyembekezo. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti zosangalatsa zamasewero zimabweretsa chikhumbo chochepa chofuna kudziwa zambiri zowona zodabwitsa zomwe zinachitika zaka khumi zapitazo.