Louis XVI: mbiri yochepa, ana

Mfumu Louis XVI anabadwira ku Palace of Versailles pa August 23, 1754. Kenaka adalandira dzina la Duke wa Berry. Bambo ake anali Dauphin (wolowa m'malo mwa mneneri), Louis Ferdinand, yemwe nayenso anali mwana wa King Louis XV wa ku France .

Ubwana

Ali mwana, mwanayo anali wachiwiri mwa ana asanu ndi awiri m'banja. Mkulu wake anali dzinaake yemwe anamwalira ali ndi zaka 9 mu 1761. Pamene Ludwig anali kukula mumthunzi wake, makolo ake sanamuzindikire. Iye ankakonda kusaka, komwe nthawi zambiri ankapita ndi agogo ake olamulira. Bambo ake ataphedwa ndi chifuwa chachikulu mu 1765, dzina la Dauphin linafikira mwana wazaka 11. Anayamba kuphunzitsidwa mwamsanga kuti akonzekere mpando wachifumu, umene tsopano adzalandira kwa agogo ake.

Wolowa nyumba

Mu 1770, mtsogolo wa Louis XVI, yemwe anali ndi zaka 15, anakwatira Marie Antoinette. Iye anali mwana wamkazi wa Dauphin msuweni wa amayi ake, komanso anali mwana wamkazi wa Emperor wa Ufumu Woyera wa Roma Franz I. Anthu a ku France anali odana ndi ukwatiwo, chifukwa posachedwa dzikoli lapangana kale ndi mfumu ya Austria ndipo anagonjetsedwa mwamanyazi mu nkhondo ya zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri (1756 - 1763). Panthawi imeneyo, madera ambiri kumpoto kwa America, operekedwa ku Great Britain, anatayika. Banja lachifumu kwa nthawi yayitali silingathe kulera ana, chifukwa chifukwa chake ku France kunaoneka timapepala timene timakhudzidwa, zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la Louis. Komabe, kuyambira 1778 mpaka 1786, ana 4 (ana awiri ndi ana awiri) anabadwa.

Wolandira cholowa anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi abambo amphamvu. Mnyamatayu anali wamanyazi, wodekha, wodekha komanso wosagwirizana ndi khoti lachifumu.

Kusintha

Mu 1774, Louis XV anamwalira ndipo mfumu yatsopano idakhazikitsidwa ku mpando wachifumu - Louis XVI. Mfumuyo inamvera ndi malingaliro a Chidziwitso, chifukwa cha zomwe nthawi yomweyo zinatumizira kulowa pantchito atumiki ambiri odzudzula ndi alangizi a ulamuliro wotsiriza, zomwe zinali zosiyana pakuchita. Mwapadera, Madame Du Barry, Chancellor, ndi zina zotero anachotsedwa kunja kwa khoti. Zomwe zinasinthidwa kuti zitheke kuwonetsa chikhalidwe chadziko zinayambitsidwa, ndalama zowonongeka za chilengedwe zinachepa kwambiri. Kwa kusintha konseku kunali pempho la anthu a ku France, omwe ankafuna ufulu wadziko ndi kutha kwa ulamuliro.

Yankho lalikulu kwambiri linapangidwa mu gawo la ndalama. Woweruza wamkulu wa gawo ili anali Turgot, yemwe m'tsogolomu anali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi kusintha. Anakonza zoti azigawitsanso misonkho, kuonjezera misonkho ku magulu apamwamba a anthu. Mauthenga a miyambo ya mkati adathetsedwa, omwe adagulitsa amalonda, anawononga maukwati awo. Kugulitsa kwa mkate kunasanduka kwaufulu, komwe kunathandiza kwambiri kukhalapo kwa malo a anthu osauka, omwe anali ndi njira zochepetsera kukhalamo. Mu 1774, malamulo apakhomo anabwezeretsedwanso, omwe adawoneka ngati matupi oweruza ndi oimira.

Kusamalidwa kosamala

Pakati pa anthu wamba, malingaliro onsewa analandiridwa ndi chidwi. Koma chigawo chapamwamba cha anthu a ku France chinatsutsa zatsopano zomwe Mfumu Louis XVI inayambitsa. Olemekezeka komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo sanafune kutaya mwayi wawo. Panali zofunikira kuchotsa positi kuchokera ku Turgot, yemwe anali chitsimikizo chachikulu cha kusintha. Louis XVI anali ndi khalidwe losatsimikizika ndipo motero anagonjera olemekezeka. Turgot idachotsedwa, ndipo mu zachuma chipolowe chonse chinayamba. Atumiki atsopano ndi abwanamkubwa sangathe kuchita chilichonse ndi kukula kwa bajeti, koma amangotenga ngongole zatsopano kuchokera kwa ngongole. Ngongole zinkagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa chiwongoladzanja kuchokera ku msonkho wa msonkho. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, malonda a m'mayiko ena sakanatha kupita ku mizere yatsopano nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma m'mizinda, kuphatikizapo kusowa mkate, anayamba.

Kuyanjana

Potsutsa izi, m'ma 80s, Louis XVI ndi Marie Antoinette anayesa kutsogolera kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha French. Kuwonetseratu koyamba kwa kukonzanso zinthu zokhudzana ndi kukonzanso zokhudzana ndi kukonzanso zinthu kunayesetsanso kusintha kusintha kwakukulu komwe Turgot adayambitsa.

Kwa maudindo atatu, udindo wa maofisa ndi oweruza adatsekanso. Amunawo adabwerera pamene analipira msonkho wapansi. Zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti anthu asamangidwe. Onse anali osakhutira: anthu olemekezeka osadziwika kwa mfumu, anthu a m'mudzi wolemera kwambiri, ndipo anthu osauka kuyambira pamene kusintha kwayambika kwachepetsedwa.

Panthawiyi, dziko la France linagwirizana nawo pa nkhondo ya independence, yomwe inkachitika ku North America. Apolisiwo adalandira thandizo lomwe Louis XVI anawapatsa. Ntchitoyi yofooketsa Britain inkafuna kuti tiyankhule pambali imodzimodzi ndi omasulira. Zinali zosagwirizana ndi mafumu onse, mmodzi mwa iwo anali akadali Louis XVI. Mbiri yachidule ya mfumu imati lamulo la mfumu lidakhumudwa ndi "antchito" ake - olamulira a Austria, Russia, ndi zina zotero.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, amishonale ambiri a ku France amene anamenyana ku America anabwerera kudziko lawo mosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu. Iwo anali alendo kwa nthawi yakale ya dziko lawo, kumene anthu amantha ankalamulirabe. Kuchokera m'nyanja, iwo amamva ufulu. Gulu lotchuka kwambiri kuchokera ku chidziwitsochi ndi Gilbert Lafayette.

Mavuto azachuma

Gawo lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1980 linawonetsedwa ndi mavuto atsopano azachuma m'dziko lonseli. Miyezo ya theka yomwe mfumu ndi atumiki ake adatengera sikugwirizana ndi aliyense chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo. Njira yatsopano inali kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba yamalamulo, komwe msonkho wokonzedweratu uyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Woyambitsa wake anali Louis XVI. Chithunzi cha zithunzi ndi fano lake chimatiwonetsa ife mfumu yokongola kwambiri, pamene mdziko muli mavuto. Ndithudi, izi zimapangitsa ambiri kutsutsana ndi mfumu. Nyumba yamalamulo inakana kukakamiza misonkho yatsopano, pambuyo pake inabalalitsidwa, ndipo ena adagwidwa. Izi zinakwiyitsa pafupifupi onse okhala m'dzikoli. Monga chiyanjano, adasankha kulumikiza General States.

Maiko Onse

Msonkhano woyamba wa bungwe loyimila latsopanoli linachitika mu 1789. M'kati mwake, panali magulu angapo otsutsa omwe amaimira zosiyana. Makamaka nyumba yachitatu idalengeza kuti ndi National Assembly ndipo idapempha olemekezeka ndi atsogoleri kuti alowe nawo gulu latsopanolo. Anali kuyesa mphamvu ya mfumu, yemwe ankaonedwa kuti ndi mulungu wapatsidwa. Kuphwanya miyambo yomwe anthu ambiri amavomereza yomwe inalipo mu Ufumu kwa zaka mazana ambiri, idatanthawuza kuti Bungwe la National Assembly lidziyika palokha ngati liwu la anthu.

Popeza kuti gawo lachitatu linali ndi ambiri mu General States, ilo linaletsa malamulo a mfumu ponena za kubwezeretsa dongosolo lakale. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsopano Louis anakumana ndi chisankho chotsutsa boma lalikulu kapena kumvera ziganizo zawo. Mfumuyo inasonyezanso chikhumbo chake chogonjera ndipo iye mwiniwake analangiza atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi olemekezeka kuti alowe nawo mgwirizano. Anakhala wolamulira wachikhazikitso.

Kupandukira

Kusintha kwa zochitikazo kunakwiyidwa ndi gawo lodziletsa la chi French, lomwe linali labwino komanso lothandiza. Ludovik wosagwirizana anayamba kumvetsera atsogoleri ndi akuluakulu, omwe adafuna kulowetsa asilikali ku Paris ndi kulekerera anthu oyambitsa kusintha kwakukulu. Izo zinachitika.

Pambuyo pake, anthu a ku Paris adatsegula poyera kumvera mfumu ndipo adanyamuka. July 14, 1789 anagwidwa ndi ndende ya Bastille ndi chizindikiro cha absolutism. Akuluakulu ena ndi akuluakulu anaphedwa. Anthu oganiza bwino kwambiri anayamba kupanga zida za alonda, zomwe zinatetezera kupambana kwa Revolution. Pambuyo pawopsezo watsopano, Louis anapitanso chilolezo, kuchotsa asilikali ku Paris ndikubwera ku National Council.

Pamutu wa Revolution

Pambuyo pa chigonjetso cha Revolution, makedinela kusintha kunayamba. Choyamba, dongosolo lachikhalidwe lomwe linalipo ku France kuyambira ku Middle Ages linawonongedwa. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mwezi uliwonse mfumu inasowa mphamvu pa zomwe zinali kuchitika pafupi ndi iye. Mphamvu zinachoka pamanja. Maboma onse a boma anali olumala mu likulu komanso m'madera. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira za kusintha kumeneku chinali kuwonongeka kwa mkate kuchokera ku Paris. Chern, yemwe amakhala mumzindawu, anayesetsa molimba mtima kuzungulira nsanja ya Versailles, kumene kunali malo a Louis.

Otsutsawo anapempha mfumu kuti isamuke ku Paris kuchokera kumidzi. Mkuluwu, mfumuyo inakhala chigonjetso chenichenicho kwa osinthika. Pang'onopang'ono m'magulu awo kumeneko anakula akuthandizira pulezidenti.

Banja lachifumu, nawonso, linali losasokonezeka. Louis XVI, ana a mfumu komanso a pafupi ndi nyumba yapafupi anadalira Marie Antoinette, yemwe anali kutsutsana kwambiri ndi otsutsa. Analimbikitsa mwamuna wake kuti athandizidwe ndi olamulira akunja, omwe adaopanso ndi a French freethinkers.

The Flight of the King

Chifukwa chakuti mfumuyo idakakhala ku Paris, zochita za anthu omwe adapandukawo zinalandira mthunzi wovomerezeka. Versailles anasankha kuthawa Louis XVI. Ankafuna kutsogolera mphamvu zotsutsa kapena kupita kunja, komwe angayesere kutsogolera asilikali okhulupirika. Mu 1791 banja lonse lachifumu incognito linachoka ku Paris, koma adapezeka ku Varenna ndipo anamangidwa.

Kuti apulumutse moyo wake, Louis ananena kuti akuthandiza kwambiri kusintha kwakukulu m'dzikoli. Panthawiyi, dziko la France linali litakonzeka kale kukangana ndi amitundu a ku Ulaya, omwe ankaopa kuyesa kachitidwe kakang'ono ku kontinenti. Mu 1792, Ludovic, pokhala ndi ufa wochuluka, wapanga nkhondo ku Austria.

Komabe, pulogalamuyo inkalakwika kuyambira pachiyambi. Magulu a Austria anaukira France ndipo anali kale pafupi ndi Paris. Chipolowe chinayamba mumzindawu, ndipo opandukawo atenga nyumba yachifumu. Louis ndi banja lake anatsekeredwa kundende. Pa 21 September, 1792 iye adalekanitsidwa udindo wake wachifumu ndipo anakhala nzika yamba ndi dzina lake Capet. Ku France, First Republic inalengezedwa.

Khoti ndi kuphedwa

Udindo wolimba wa wamndende unasokonezeka pamene chitetezo chobisika chomwe chinali ndi makalata achinsinsi ndi zolembedwa zinkapezeka ku nyumba yake yakale. Kuchokera mwa iwo, banja lachifumu linakondwera ndi Revolution, makamaka, kupempha thandizo kwa olamulira akunja. Panthawiyi, anthu ochita zachiwerewere akungoyembekezera chifukwa chomaliza kuchotsa Louis.

Choncho, khoti linayamba ndi kufunsa mafunso m'Chingano. Mfumu yakale idaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsana ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Msonkhano unagamula kuti womutsutsayo ayenera kufa. Kuphedwa kwa Louis XVI kunachitika pa January 21, 1793. Pamene anali pa scaffold, mawu ake omaliza anali funso la kutha kwa ulendo wa Jean-Francois de La Perouse. Marie Antoinette adadula mutu myezi ingapo pambuyo pake, mu October.

Kuphedwa kwa mfumu kunapangitsa kuti mafumu a ku Ulaya adziphatikize motsutsana ndi Republic. Nkhani ya imfa ya Louis inakhala chifukwa cholengeza nkhondo ku England, Spain ndi Netherlands. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, Russia inagwirizana nawo.