Nkhondo ya Shevardinsky ikudodometsa: mfundo

Nkhondo yozungulira chiwonongeko cha Shevardino inachitika kumapeto kwa Nkhondo ya Borodino ndipo ikuyambidwa kuti ikuyambira. Nkhondo yowonongeka kofunika kwambiri inayamba chifukwa Napoleon ankafuna malo abwino kwambiri okhumudwitsa, ndipo Kutuzov ankafuna kuchepetsa nthawi yowonongeka kwa ankhondo ake.

Tsiku lotsatira

Mmawa wa August 24 (September 5), 1812, a ku France anayamba kubwera ku Russia. Nkhondo yoyambirira inayamba pafupi ndi nyumba ya amonke ya Kolotsky. Makamu aakulu a asilikali a Russia anali pamtunda wa makilomita 8 kuchokera kumeneko. Woyamba kugunda anali woyang'anira pambuyo pa Pyotr Konovnitsyn. Patatha maola akumenyana, iye, pamodzi ndi asilikali ake adadutsa Mtsinje wa Kolochu ndipo adayima pafupi ndi mudzi wa Shevardino.

Kutuzov anafunika kupeza nthawi yokwaniritsa ntchito yokonzekera ntchito yomangamanga pomanga zinga. Choncho, anasankha mudzi wa Shevardino monga malo ogwidwa ndi a French. Tsiku lisanayambe kumeneko kunamangidwa chiwongoladzanja cha pentagonal. Poyamba ankaonedwa ngati mbali ya kumanzere kumbali. Pamene malo a ku Russia adakankhidwa, chiwerengero cha Shevardinsky chinakhala malo odziimira okhaokha.

Ataona mpandawo, Napoleon adalamula kuti amugwire. Chinthucho chinali chakuti icho chinalepheretsa a French mphamvu kutembenuka. Mipatuko yabwino kwambiri, mbali ya matupi a Davout, ndipo asilikali okwera pamahatchi a ku Poland a Józef Poniatowski anapita ku nkhondo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti poyambirira akuluakulu a ku France adayendayenda kumpoto-kumadzulo ndi kumadzulo kwa Borodino. Kutuzov ankafuna basi. Komabe, Napoleon anaganiza za ndondomeko ya mdaniyo ndipo sanavomereze malamulo ake a masewerawo. Ndicho chifukwa chake magwero a ku France adalongosola mphamvu zowonongeka za ku Redoubt monga kumbali yamanja ya ankhondo a Bonaparte.

Asirikali Achi Russia

Shevardinsky redoubt anateteza motsogoleredwa ndi Lieutenant General Andrey Gorchakov. Anali mphwake wa Suvorov, yemwe anali atadziwika kale ndi mayiko a Switzerland ndi Italy. Anakhala mkulu wazaka 21. Gorchakov anali pansi pa 27th Division ya Dmitry Neverovsky, magulu angapo a mahatchi, ndi gulu la asilikali. Nkhondo ya ku Shevardinsky inabweretsedwa kukhala ola limodzi la masewera. Anali ndi asilikali okwana 11,000, pamene Napoleon anatumiza anthu okwana 35,000.

Mphamvu za Gorchakov zinali motere. Pa chiwongoladzanja panali mfuti 12 kuchokera ku kampani ya bateri 12, yolamulidwa ndi Lieutenant Colonel Vinsper. Kumbuyo kwawo kunali 27th Infantry Division. Mzere woyamba unali Simbirsk ndi Odessa regiments. M'chiwiri - Tarnopol ndi Vilna. Jäger Regiments (6 mwa onse) ali pafupi ndi Alexinki pa gombe lamanja la Mtsinje wa Kolochi. Panali mitsinje yambiri ndi tchire kuno. Maselo omwewo amakhala ku Doroninsky Grove kunja kwa Doronino.

Kumpoto kwa mudzi wa Shevardino, kumene dzina lakuti Shevardinsky redoubt linachokera, Chernigov ndi Kharkov dragoon regiments anatenga malo awo . Kum'mwera kwa mpandawo, pamwamba pa phirilo, panali bateri eyiti eyiti ya kampani 9. Anali odzaza ndi zida ziwiri, mbali ya gulu la Akhtyrsky Hussar. Kumanja kwa ufuluwu kunatenga malo a mfuti ya kampani yachiwiri ya 23, komanso mabomba a kampani 9 yokwera ndi kampani ya 21 yowala.

Kumbuyo kwa Russia kunali 2 Civic Division. Anayikidwa ndi Major-General Ilya Duka. Pambuyo pa Kamenka ndi Gawo 2 la grenadier la Karl Mecklenburg. Mabomba ena 4 anaimirira pafupi ndi mudzi wa Semenovskaya. Nkhondo yonse itayamba ku Shevardino Redbbt, Gorchakov anali ndi mfuti 46, asilikali okwera pamahatchi 38 ndi mabomba okwana 36. Kumanzere kwake kunali nkhalango, ndipo kumanja ndi mudzi womwewo.

A French amanyansidwa

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo cha asilikali a Russia chinali chivundikiro cha msewu wapafupi wa Old Smolenskaya. Malamulo a Cossack a Major-General Akim Karpov anachita monga omuteteza. Thupi la Poniatowski linasunthira pamsewuwu.

Nkhondo ya Shevardinsk Redbbt inayamba ndi kuukira kwa magawano a Napoleon. Iwo anaukira kuchokera ku chimzake, msewu wa New Smolensk. Poyambirira, kuzungulira kwa mphepo kunagwa pa chigawo chachisanu cha Jean-Dominique Compan. Asirikali ake anali osiyana ndi mbiri yabwino. Pamasamulo a Compan anaika nthano zambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo, mzere wachisanu ndi chiwiri, pambuyo pa msonkhano wa ku Italy unatchedwa Grozny. Iwo anali ndi asilikali odziŵa nkhondo a ku France. Fifth Division inali ndizinthu zowonjezera zinayi zamakono, makampani awiri a zida komanso gulu lophatikizana. Zinaphatikizapo mfuti 30 ndi amuna pafupifupi 10,000 zikwi.

Mdaniyo anapita kumalo kumene Shevardinsky Redoubt ali, ndipo anakumbatira mpandawo kuchokera kum'mwera ndi kumpoto. Kaŵirikaŵiri a ku France anadutsa, koma nthawi iliyonse amamenyana ndi anyamata a Neverovsky.

Zochita za Compan

Mdaniyo anali akusunthira pamsewu waukulu. Zitsulo zitatu za adani zimakhala zofanana. Pa 2 koloko masana iwo adadutsa Koloch ndikupita ku Shevardinsky. Mwachidule, nkhondo ya tsiku limenelo inafotokozedwa ndi anthu ambiri owona maso, kuphatikizapo Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky. Anati Konovitsyn anakakamizika kubwerera ku Borodino. Pambuyo pake, regiments ya kumbuyo inayamba kukhala mbali ya matupi. Pokonzekera kumenya nkhondo, asilikali a ku Russia anawonekera kuyang'ana kwa adani. Kufikira kwake kunatsekedwa ndi chivomezi cha Shevardinsky. Mbiri yakale ya nkhondo imeneyo inachititsa kuti akatswiri ambiri a mbiriyakale asamvetsetse ...

Compan mwaluso anagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wapadera m'madera akumidzi. Nchifukwa chiyani Shevardinsky anapangidwanso? Kuteteza French kuti asamangidwenso ndi kuukira gulu lalikulu la Russian. Pofuna kuthandizira kubwezeredwa, Compan inagwiritsa ntchito malo apamwamba monga nsanja ya mfuti zake. Mfuti zinayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu mwa kuwombera pa chiwombankhanga ndi pothawirapo pamsasa.

Kumenyana

Mfuti yoyamba yotsiriza inatha pafupifupi ola limodzi. Atakhala mosayembekezereka kwa nthawi yaitali, asilikali a ku Russia ndi yegeri anabwerera. Panthawiyi, pansi pa ulamuliro wa Napoleon, mphamvu za mdani zinayenda molunjika kumalo ozungulira. Iwo adatsogozedwa ndi moto wa zida zankhondo zambiri.

Panali kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha French. Inakakamiza Gorchakov kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito osungiramo mabuku. Komabe, kuti apite kumeneko, ankafuna nthawi. Pamene iwo anali kuyandikira, kuteteza mphamvu ndi Shevardino Redbbt anagona tulo, mabala, mphesa, mabomba ndi zipolopolo. "Ndi chiyani, ngati sichigonjetsa?!" - ankaganiza French, koma kupambana kwawo kunali kosakhalitsa. Ndiwo okha omwe adayamba kuzindikira kuti, monga momwe nkhondoyi inkagwiritsidwira ntchito m'maboma. Njira yawo inali yodabwitsa kwambiri. Pamaso mwa olemba maguluwo ansembe anali atavala zikhomo. Pokhala ndi mitanda m'manja, adalimbitsa mzimu wa nkhondo wa asilikali ndipo adawatsogolera kuti apite.

Malamulo omwe anathandiza kuwombola anafika pamtunda ndi betri. Adani anaponyedwa mmbuyo. Kutentha kwa nkhondo kunayamba kumenyana ndi dzanja. Otsutsa anatsutsana wina ndi mzake ndikutsata zoyambazo, koma palibe mbali yomwe ingakhale nayo mwayi wopambana pachigonjetso chomaliza. Mdima wamdima, ndi Shevardino, ndi nsomba zomwe zili kumbali ya kumanzere zidakalipo kwa a Russia.

Kuchuluka

Tsikulo linadutsa, madzulo anatsatiridwa, ndipo otsutsa malowo anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito yawo. Adani akuwombera anaima kwa kanthawi. Koma poyamba mdima, akhate anabwera kudzathandiza Poniatowski. Onse adathamangira ku nkhondo yatsopano. Pawomboli adamva kuti asilikali a ku France ayandikira. Mumdima, kunali kosatheka kudziwa chiwerengero chawo. Koma pamene ali ndi chikhalidwe cha French, udzu wa haystacks ukuwotcha , kuwala kunayatsa mbali yowonjezera ya mdani yomwe inali ponyansa. Iye anali akusunthira chakumpoto kwa Russia.

Panthawiyi Gorchakov anali ndi gulu limodzi lokha ndipo gulu limodzi linatha. Kenaka wamkulu uja adanyenga. Anauza asilikaliwo kuti agwire zidazo ndikufuula "Hurray !!!", koma musasunthe. Atamva nyimbo, a ku France anadabwa kwambiri ndipo anasiya maulendo awo oyambirira. Panthawi imeneyi, olamulira a ku Russia ochokera ku 2 Cuirassier Division adalowa mu nkhondo yonseyi ndipo adanyoza chiwembucho.

Gawo la Compan la France lidayesedwa pang'onopang'ono mpaka pakati pausiku. Anaphedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Asilikali ankamenya nkhondo. Kuwoneka kunali pafupifupi zero. Sikunali mdima wokha umene unalepheretsa, koma utsi wakuda. Otsutsana akutsutsana wina ndi mzake. Pomalizira pake, a French adagonjetsedwa ndikubweranso, akutsitsa kanki 5. Mfuti zitatu zidakali m'malo, zina ziwirizo zinachotsedwa ndi makapu. Nkhondoyo inatha. Pafupi pakati pausiku usiku kunayambika gawo la French.

Apa ndiye kuti, pa malamulo a Kutuzov, Gorchakov potsirizira pake anabwerera. Kusunga kutali ndi malo ena kubwerera tsopano kunalibe phindu. Genius wamasewera adakwaniritsa zolinga zake, popeza wapatsidwa nthawi yokwanira kuti asilikali a ku Russia apange malo omwe akufunikira ndikukonzekera zowonjezera.

Usiku wopanda usiku wa Napoleon

Tsiku lotsatira nkhondoyo, Bonaparte anayambanso kubwereza zina mwa zolemba za Compan. Mfumuyo inadabwa modabwa pamene nkhondo yachitatu yomwe inali kulowa mwa iye inapita. Mkulu wa asilikali uja adamuuza tsar kuti adatsalira. Nkhalango yomwe inali pafupi ndi nyumbayi inapitirizabe kugwidwa ndi asilikali achi Russia. Mitsempha nthawi zonse inakonzedwa kuti ikhale yopsereza ndipo inapitirizabe kuukira. Ndi pamene asilikali okwera pamahatchi a Murat anali ndi vutoli, adatha kuthetsa chigwacho. Motero anamaliza nkhondo ya Shevardinsk Redoubt (tsiku la nkhondo likusonyezedwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi).

Tsikuli linasokonezeka chifukwa cha Napoleon. Iye anagona pang'ono ndi moipa. Potsirizira pake, General Caulaincourt anadza kwa iye, yemwe adanena kuti palibe womangidwa m'modzi amene adagwa m'manja mwa a French. Atadabwa, Napoleon anayamba kumufunsa mafunso ovuta. Kodi asilikali okwera pamahatchi a ku France sanaukire mdaniyo panthaŵiyo? Kodi a Russia ankafuna chiyani kuti apambane kapena afe? Akuluakuluwo anayankha kuti asilikali ozungulira adaniwo adzipha. Kolenkur adalongosola khalidwe ili ndikuti a Russia akugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi anthu a ku Turkey, ndipo nthawi zambiri samatenga akaidi. Komanso, wogwirizanitsa a Napoleon anapitirizabe, asilikali a Gorchakov mwachionekere anabweretsedwa kuchitsimikizo. Emperor adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikugwedezeka mu kusinkhasinkha.

Kufunika Kowonongeka

Ngakhale kuti kufotokozera za nkhondo yolimbanayo kumasiyana kusiyana ndi wina ndi mzake, onse amatsimikizira kuti mfumuyo inayamikira kufunika kwa chida. Choncho, mmalo mwafika ku malo a Borodino kumpoto kwa msewu wa Novaya Smolenskaya, adagonjetsa Shevardino. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo a French omwe anathandizidwa ndi matupi a Bogarne adatetezedwa kuchokera kuchitetezo chotheka kumbali yamanzere. Chifukwa cha njirayi, anthu a ku Russia anayenera kuchoka kumalo awo akumenyera nkhondo ndikuchotsa zida zawo ku Semyonovskie, pafupi ndi ziphuphu. Panthawi yopuma, zizindikiro zowomba zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ankafunika kuti asasokoneze mdaniyo.

Kufunika kwa Shevardinsky Redoubt kupitilirapo kunatchulidwa mwachidule ndi magwero onse a ku France. Kapiteni Labom anakumbukira kuti moto wakupha umene unamenyedwa kuchokera ku nkhondoyi unasokonezeka kwambiri pakati pa asilikali a Napoleonic.

Kupita patsogolo

Kotero, nkhondo ya ku Shevardinsky yowonjezereka inayamba kuyambanso nkhondo yonse ya Borodino. Mwanjira ina izo zimafanana ndi duel la akatswiri, omwe mwachizolowezi anayambitsa nkhondo zapakatikati za Asiriya a Kummawa. Mbali iliyonse inakwaniritsa cholinga chake. Kutuzov anakonzekera nkhondo yonse, ndipo Napoleon akuwonetsa mphamvu ya gulu lake. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mkulu wa asilikali a ku Russia anadziwitsitsa njira yowonongeka ya mdani. Anayamba kukonzekera nkhondoyo chifukwa chakuti French anayenera kumenyana naye kumanzere.

Atapambana nkhondo ya Shevardino Redbbt, Bonaparte anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito asilikali ake kutsogolo kwa dongosolo la adani. Mutu wa mlatho, umene anautenga kukamenyana nawo ku Russia, unali wopindulitsa kwambiri. Napoleon ankayendetsa Kutuzov kukonza gulu lake la usiku usiku watha. Kuchokera kumalo okwezekawo kunali koonekeratu kuti a ku French anali kudyetsedwa kwambiri ku ufulu, ndipo ophonya awo ambiri anali kusonkhana m'nkhalango. Kuchokera pamabwinja, mabomba a Army Great ankatengedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kumapiri ndi mapiri oyandikana nawo.

Komabe, Gorchakov anatsimikizira kuti asilikali a ku Russia adzamenyana kwambiri, zomwe sizinalonjeze kuti Napoleon adzagonjetsa mosavuta, zomwe ankazoloŵera pa nkhondo ku Ulaya. Kutuzov, pambuyo pa nkhondo ya redoubt, anasuntha gulu la Grenadier la Count Vorontsov pafupi ndi kulimbitsa pafupi ndi Semenovsky. Anasiyanitsa matupi a Tuchkov ku malo osungiramo katundu ndikupita nawo ku msewu wa Old Smolensk. Mabulu ena a asilikaliwa anatsalira pamzere, iwo amayenera kuthandiza ovulalawo. Chifukwa cha kuyendetsa gulu la French, Kutuzov anasintha likulu lake. Kuchokera ku Tatarinov anasamukira ku Gorki. Kuonjezera apo, ma Jaeger 4 a boma adatumizidwa ku nkhalango kuti ateteze mauthenga pakati pa asilikali awiri ndi matupi a Tuchkov.

Zotsatira

Chifukwa cha zochitika za French, Semenov akukankhira (omwe amatchedwanso Bagrationovs) anabwera patsogolo, pamene Maslovskys anali opanda ntchito. Kufunika kwa msewu wa Old Smolenskaya kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Tsopano, mothandizidwa ndi njirayi, a ku France anapatsidwa mpata wokonza njira yophimba. Pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka ya zochitika za Borodino zomwe zikubwera zinasunthira kumwera. Mmanja a Napoleon anali malo apamwamba kwambiri, omwe analandira chifukwa cha kuukira kwake koopsa. Mfumu ya ku France inalibenso kuyenera kudutsa mzere wolimba kwambiri wa Russia, wochokera ku Koloch ndipo umadziwika ndi zolepheretsa zachilengedwe monga mawonekedwe a mabanki ovuta. Kotero, Napoleon analumikiza udindo wake ndipo, mwa njira inayake, anawonetsa Kutuzov. Tsogolo lomaliza la nkhondo ya Borodino linadalira luso la olamulira pa nkhondo.

Zimakhulupirira kuti kugwidwa kwa chiwombankhanga cha Shevardino ku French chinatayika pafupifupi 4-5,000 anthu anaphedwa ndi kuvulala, pamene ma Russian anawonongeka anali 6-7 zikwi. Kutaya kwakukulu kotereku ndiko chifukwa cha zida zankhondo zankhondo komanso zapamwamba za adani. Asilikali a ku Russia anawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa chokwera ndi kupsereza moto.