Maphunziro apansi ku Russia: lingaliro, malamulo. Ndi magulu ati omwe anali mbali ya msonkho?

Malo omwe ali pansi, omwe amapereka misonkho (kuti apereke) ku boma. M'dziko lathu, kusamvana kwalamulo kunapitirira kufikira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi ziwiri. Ena amakhoma misonkho, ena adachotsedwa kwa iwo. Pafupi ndi magulu ati a anthu omwe adaikidwa m'zigawo za msonkho, nkhaniyi idzafotokozedwa.

Lingaliro la

Nyumba ndi gulu la anthu omwe mamembala awo amasiyana ndilamulo. Monga lamulo, ndilo lamulo. Malo omwe amapezeka amakalembedwe a precapitalist okha. Kusiyanitsa kwa malo kuchokera ku makalasi ndiko kuti ndilo lamulo lololedwa. Munthu sangathe kusunthira kuchoka ku chimodzi. Dziko likutsatira izi mwalamulo, popeza kuteteza malamulo kumakhala kovuta. Ndicho chifukwa chake malonda amapezeka mwa anthu omwe akuimira ufumuwo m'mayiko ena, ndipo amalekanitsa pamene chigwirizano chimayambira.

Mfumu (Emperor, Tsar, Sultan, ndi zina zotero) imayimirira pamutu wa boma chifukwa chakuti amachokera ku banja lolemekezeka. Makhalidwe ake ndi luso lake sichidalira chirichonse. Choncho, kusintha kuchokera ku kalasi imodzi kupita ku ena kunkachitika molakwika kwambiri: aliyense anaona kuti izi ziwopseza dongosolo lomwe lilipo. Akuluakulu amayesa kukhalabe malo ponseponse komanso nthawi zonse. Kusintha kuchokera ku kalasi kalasi kupita ku kalasi kachitidwe kawiri kawiri kunkaphatikizidwa ndi kuphulika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, nkhondo zapachiweniweni, kusintha.

Mitundu ya malo ku Russia

Umphumphu wa dziko la Russia ndi ulamuliro wa mphamvu ya monarchikali unadalira kusungirako kayendedwe ka nyumba. Kawirikawiri, akhoza kugawa m'magulu akulu awiri: misonkho komanso maudindo. Woyamba ankatchedwa "wakuda", wachiwiri - "woyera". Mwachitsanzo, "malo okhala oyera" ndi mudzi wopanda msonkho; "Anthu osauka omwe amawidwa ndi mdima" -anthu omwe amapereka misonkho, ndi zina zotero.

Kusintha kwa Petro Wamkulu

Lingaliro lenileni la "malo okhometsa msonkho" likuwoneka pansi pa Peter Wamkulu. Zisanayambe izi, aliyense yemwe analipira msonkho ankatchedwa "msonkho". Peter Woyamba kwa nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito misonkho ku Russia, yomwe ilipo lero: Iye anayambitsa msonkho wa munthu aliyense. Pamaso pake, palibe amene anali kukopera anthu. Alendo ngakhale sankadziwa momwe anthu ambiri aliri mu boma. Mtengo unayikidwa pamudzi, mudzi, mudzi, ndi zina zoterozo zinali zopanda chilungamo komanso zopanda chilungamo. Peter onse adatsutsa ufulu mu malo ake. Tsopano aliyense amayenera kulipira malipiro omwewo, omwe boma lidzakhazikitsa.

Asanayambe kusintha, kafukufuku anachitidwa - chiŵerengero cha anthu. Zikalata zomwe zili ndi mndandandazo zinatchedwa "nkhani zolemba". Mawu akuti "nkhani zamatsenga" ndi abwino kwambiri pamakalata awa, popeza sizinali zotheka kutsimikizirika kuti ndidalirika. Mwa njira, nthawi yathu, pambuyo powerengera anthu, pali zosiyanasiyana "Pokémon", "Teletubbies", "Jedi" ndi mitundu ina yomwe ilibe mndandanda.

Maphunziro Ochepa a ku Russia

Gulu lonse la anthu akumidzi, aang'ono ogwirira ntchito, ogulitsa masitolo anali a makalasi a msonkho. Akhoza kutchulidwa ndi anthu omwe anaphonya kafukufukuyo ndipo sanalowe mu "ndondomeko yowonjezera", komanso othawa. Komanso msonkho unali wofanana:

• Mipingo;
• Anthu omwe samakumbukira ubale wao;
• Ana apathengo, ngakhale kuti mayiyo ndi wovomerezeka.

Malo onsewa adagawidwa m'magulu ndi magulu. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa Peter Amalonda Oyamba anayamba kugawa m'magulu. Yoyamba inali ndi "amalonda olemekezeka omwe ali ndi malonda aakulu", komanso madokotala, madokotala, madokotala. Iwo sakanakhoza kulekanitsidwa mu kalasi yosiyana kuchokera kwa gulu la amalonda, chifukwa udindo walamulo unatsimikiziridwa mwa kubadwa, osati mwa ntchito. Gulu lachiwiri la amalonda linaphatikizapo akatswiri amisiri, amalonda ang'onoang'ono, komanso "anthu onse otanthauzira omwe akulemba ntchito, ntchito zakuda ndi zina zotero." Amalonda sanapereke ndalama. Boma linawalamula kuti "alowe" m'gululi. Mapulogalamuwa akufanana ndi chilolezo chamakono: mumalipira ndalama - mumakhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina.

Zotsatira sizitcha chabe amalonda "anthu oipa." Panali lamulo lalikulu: ena mwa iwo sanachite malonda, zomwe zinakwiyitsa boma. Kuchokera kwa iwo kunali kosatheka kuti mwina asonkhanitse msonkho wothandizira kapena kuwusandutsa iwo molingana ndi malamulo a maofesi a zamalonda ku malo ena.

Ndalama yozungulira

Anthu adakhalabe tcheru kuti anthu asanyengerere boma panthawi yowonongeka kwa nthano. Kupereka mpweya sikunatanthauze konse kuti wokhalamo aliyense akuyenera kubwera ku thupilo la ndalama ndikulipira yekha. Kuti mupange dongosolo lotero mumasowa ndalama zazikulu komanso nthawi yochuluka. Boma linapangitsa kuti likhale losavuta: linabweretsa anthu ku mndandanda wa "nkhani zowonongeka", anabweretsa msonkho waukulu ku magulu okhometsa misonkho malinga ndi chiwerengero cha anthu okhometsa msonkho ndipo adawuza anthu onse. Izi zimatchedwa bayilo yodalirika. Ngati wina asankha kunyenga boma - chifukwa adalipira ena okhalamo. Ndondomeko yotereyi ikufanana ndi malipiro amakono omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsedwa ndi anthu ndi nyumba zowonongeka m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana: ngongole yonse yagawidwa kukhala anthu onse okhalamo.

Maphunziro apansi a m'zaka za zana la 19: vuto la malo a nyumba

Ndondomeko ya kalasi ikuyamba kutha mosavuta panthawi yopititsa patsogolo ndalama zamakono. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha vutoli chidatchulidwa ndi A. P. Chekhov mu Orchard ya Cherry. Kale alimi ndi amalonda anali ndi chuma chambiri chochuluka, koma anali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu wawo, pamene akuluakulu olemekezeka anali ndi maudindo pamaso pawo. Ku Russia, vutoli likuwonekera kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1900 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Komabe, mpaka 1918, dziko likugwiritsira ntchito Malamulo a Malamulo a Ufumu wa Russia, umene umasungira dongosolo la nyumba.

Pa May 15, 1883, Emperor Alexander the Third anathetsa msonkho wa chisankho cha Manifesto. Russia ndi boma lokhalo la Ulaya lomwe lamasula nzika zake pamisonkho yaumwini. Chifukwa chake, zinali zolakwika kunena kuti "boma la tsarist" linasulidwa kuchokera ku madandaulo "juisi onse" asanayambe kuzungulira zaka za m'ma 1900.