Zakale za mbiri yakale. Malonda mu luso mu dongosolo

Zochitika zakale ndizofunikira kwambiri mu sayansi ndi m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pali nthawi zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo nthawi yapadera. Mayina awo anapangidwa posachedwa, munthu atatha kuyang'ana zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, ayesetse ndikugawaniza zochitika zakale m'masitepe. Tsopano tidzakambirana nthawi yonseyi, tidzatha kudziwa chifukwa chake adatchulidwira ndi zomwe amadziwika ndizo.

Nchifukwa chiyani pali mbiriyakale ya mbiriyakale?

Njira imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa ndi ofufuza pazifukwa zabwino. Choyamba, nthawi iliyonse yodziwika ndi miyambo yapadera. Pa nthawi iliyonse, malingaliro ake, mafashoni, mawonekedwe a anthu, mtundu wa zomangamanga bizinesi ndi zina zambiri. Poganizira zaka zaumunthu kuti mutha kulingalira, mungathenso kuzindikira kuti aliyense wa iwo ndi mitundu yeniyeni ya luso. Iyi ndi nyimbo, kujambula, ndi mabuku. Chachiwiri, m'mbiri ya anthu panalidi zotchedwa kusintha, pamene makhalidwe adasintha kwambiri, malamulo atsopano anakhazikitsidwa. Izi, ndithudi, zinaphatikizapo kusintha kwa maulaliki, omwe adadziwonetsera okha mu luso. Kusintha koteroko kungakhudzidwe ndi kusintha, nkhondo, zozizwitsa za sayansi, ziphunzitso za akatswiri afilosofi ndi atsogoleri a tchalitchi. Ndipo tsopano, tisanayang'ane nthawi zonse za mbiri yakale, tikuzindikira kuti dziko lathuli linasintha kwambiri posachedwapa. Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi zamakono kwasintha malingaliro athu pokhudzana ndi kuyankhulana, magwero a chidziwitso komanso ntchito. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi ndi intaneti, popanda zomwe zaka khumi zapitazo aliyense amachitira, ndipo lero ndi gawo la moyo wa munthu aliyense.

Nthawi yakale

Timasiyiratu mbiri ya anthu akale, popeza panalibe malingaliro amodzi panthawiyo, chipembedzo kapena ndondomeko yolemba. Choncho, pamene nthawi za anthu zikuyendetsedwa bwino, zimayambira pa nthawi yakalekale, chifukwa panthawi imeneyo zoyamba zimati, malamulo oyambirira ndi makhalidwe abwino, komanso luso lomwe tikuphunzira pano, lawonekera. Nthawiyi inayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 8 BC. E. Ndipo idapitirira mpaka 456 - tsiku la kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma. Pa nthawiyi panalibe chipembedzo chophatikiza za mulungu ndi kukhazikitsidwa momveka kwa milungu yonse, komanso ndondomeko yolemba - Chigiriki ndi Chilatini. Komanso panthawi imeneyi ku Ulaya, lingaliro linabadwira, monga ukapolo.

Middle Ages

Ngakhale pamene sukulu imalingalira nthawiyo, dongosolo lapadera limaperekedwa ku kuwerenga kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. Nthawiyi inayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, koma palibe masiku a mapeto ake, osakhala abwino. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zinatha pakati pa zaka za zana la 15, pamene ena amakhulupirira kuti zaka za m'ma Middle Ages zidatha kufikira zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri. Nthawiyi imadziwika ndi chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu. Zidali zaka izi kuti misonkhano yayikuluyi idachitika. Pakati pawo, Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo linabadwira, lomwe linafafaniza otsutsa onse a tchalitchi. M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, mtundu wa ukapolo unayambira, monga chikhalidwe chadziko, chomwe chinakhalapo mzaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake.

Renaissance

Ndizozoloŵera kusiyanitsa nthawi imeneyi ngati yosiyana, koma olemba mbiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zakuthambo zakuthambo ndilo, mbali ya dziko la Middle Ages. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1400 anthu anayamba kukonda anthu. Malamulo ena ndi akale akale abwerera, Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo linapereka pang'onopang'ono maudindo ake. Izi zadziwonetsera zokha mu luso ndi mu khalidwe la anthu. Anthu anayamba kuyendera malo owonetsera malo, panali mpira wotere. Zakale zatsopano, monga Antiquity, zinachokera ku Italy, ndipo lero zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zipilala zambiri za zomangamanga ndi zojambulajambula.

Baroque

Tikamaganizira mozama nthawi za mbiri ya anthu, Baroque, ngakhale kuti sizitali kwa nthawi yayitali, anatenga nthambi yofunikira pakupanga luso. M'munsimu, tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane, koma tsopano, tiyeni tione zotsatirazi. Nthawi imeneyi inali yankho lomveka bwino la Kubadwanso kwatsopano. Tinganene kuti chilakolako cha zosangalatsa zakuthupi ndi kukongola kwakula kwambiri. Panali dzina lomweli, lomwe limadziwika ndi kupangika komanso kudzikuza. Chikhalidwe chofananacho chadziwonetsera wokha mu nyimbo, ndi pakujambula, ngakhale m'makhalidwe a anthu. Nyengo ya Baroque inayamba kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 1700.

Classicism

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, anthu adaganiza zopatukana ndi ubwino woterewu. Sosaiti, monga luso lomwe idapanga, idasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kuchotsa malamulo. Classicism inayamba kudziwonetsera mwa mapangidwe a nyumba ndi nyumba. Mafashoniwa ankaphatikizapo maulendo owongoka, mizere yolunjika, chiwombankhanga ndi maulendo. Mawonetsero ndi nyimbo, zomwe zinali pachimake cha chitukuko chawo, zidakonzedwanso kusintha kwatsopano. Panali mafashoni ena omwe anatumiza olemba ku izi kapena njira imeneyo. Pansipa tikambirane nthawi ya luso mu dongosolo komanso mwatsatanetsatane tidzatha kuphunzira kuti ndi chiani.

Nthawi yosangalatsa

M'zaka za zana la 18, anthu amawoneka kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka kukongola ndi malingaliro osagwirizana. Nthawi imeneyi imalingaliridwa kuti ndi yosamvetsetseka kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, yopanda malire komanso yoyambirira. Pakati pa anthu panali chizoloŵezi, monga momwe munthu aliyense alili wosiyana ndi munthu wolenga zauzimu, ndi dziko lake lamkati, zochitika ndi chisangalalo. Monga lamulo, pamene akatswiri a mbiriyakale amavomereza nyengo zamakono motsatira ndondomeko yake, malo amodzi ofunika kwambiri amaperekedwa kukondana. Panthawiyi, yomwe idatha mpaka zaka za m'ma 1900, zinkawoneka nyimbo zosiyana siyana (Chopin, Schubert, etc.), mabuku (mabuku olemekezeka achi French) ndi kujambula.

Chidziwitso

Mofananamo ndi chikondi muzojambula, chikhalidwe chomwecho chinali kukhala changwiro. Polemba nthawi zonse mu dongosolo, monga lamulo, ndi Kuunikira komwe kuli kumbuyo kwa chikhalidwe. Potsata chitukuko cha sayansi ndi luso kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, chidziwitso cha nzeru chinayamba kuwonjezeka kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Izi zinatsimikiziridwa pa kukana miyambo yachipembedzo ya Orthodox. Mmalo mwa chidziwitso chopatulika chinabwera logwirizana ndi malingaliro abwino. Izi zinasokoneza kwambiri ulamuliro wa akuluakulu ndi maulamuliro a dynasties, omwe mwazinthu zambiri amatchula thandizo la tchalitchi. Mbadwo wa Chidziwitso unakhala malo obadwira a filosofi yatsopano yochokera ku masamu ndi fizikiya. Pali zinthu zambiri zakuthambo zomwe zatulukira zomwe zatsutsa ziphunzitso zambiri zachipembedzo. Zaka za Chidziwitso zakhudza osati ku Europe kokha, komanso ku Russia, komanso ku Far East, ngakhale ku America. Panthawiyi serfomu inathetsedwa m'mayiko ambiri. Tiyeneranso kuzindikira kuti m'zaka za zana la 18-19, akazi adayamba kutenga nawo mbali pa misonkhano ya sayansi ndi boma nthawi yoyamba.

Nthawi yatsopano kwambiri

Tinalemba mwachidule nthawi zonse za mbiri yakale ndikufika ku zaka za m'ma 1900. Nthawi iyi ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha maluwa osiyanasiyana a zojambulajambula, kusintha kwakukulu kwa boma ndi kusintha kwa boma. Choncho, kuchokera ku mbiri yakale, nthawi ino ikutchedwa Yopambana Kwambiri Nthawi. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, munthu akhoza kunena kuti, anthu akhala ofanana. Ukapolo wathetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo malire a mayiko akhazikitsidwa. Mkhalidwe wotere wakhala malo abwino kwambiri pa chitukuko cha osati luso komanso sayansi. Ife tsopano tikukhala mu nthawi ino, chotero, kuti tiwunike mwatsatanetsatane, ndikofunikira kuti tiyang'ane mmbuyo.

Zotsatira za chidule

Titapereka mbiri yonse ya mbiri ya dziko mu dongosolo, tawafotokozera, titaphunzira zomwe gulu lathu liri mu izi kapena zaka zana, timaphunzira kuphunzira zokongola. Pambuyo pake, kufanana ndi mapangidwe a malamulo ndi malire a boma, luso linapangidwa, lomwe anthu ambiri ndilo cholinga chachikulu chogawanika mbiri ya anthu kukhala nthawi yosiyana. Pansipa ife tidzayimira nthawi zamakono muzithunzi, timadziwonetsera iwo ndipo tidzatha kufanizitsa chithunzi chowonetseratu cha momwe dziko lathu linapangidwira kuyambira pachiyambi cha nthawi. Choyamba, ife timapanga "nthawi" yaikulu, ndikuzigawa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Ndipotu, nthawi zina nyimbo sizimagwirizana nthawi ndi zolemba kapena, pojambula.

Art: zaka mu nthawi yake

• Nthawi yakale. Popeza miyala yoyamba ya miyala inkaonekera, kutha kwa zaka za m'ma 8 BC. E.
• Antiquity - kuyambira zaka za m'ma 8 BC. E. Zisanafike zaka za m'ma 600 AD. E.
• Zaka za m'ma 500: Zachikhalidwe ndi za Gothic. Yoyamba ndi ya 6-1000, ndipo yachiwiri - zaka za 10-14.
• Chitsitsimutso ndi zaka 14 zotchuka kwambiri.
• Baroque - 16-18th century.
• Rococo - m'ma 1800.
• Classicism. Anakhazikitsidwa motsatira maziko a njira zina kuyambira m'ma 1600 mpaka m'ma 1900.
• Romanticism - theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 19.
• Kusokonezeka - theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19.
• Masiku ano ndikumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti masiku ano ndi dzina lofala pa nthawi ino yolenga. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana zojambulajambula, mafunde awo apangidwa, omwe tidzakambirana m'munsimu.

Chimene cholembera chidzanena ... Pachiyambi cha mawu olembedwa

Tsopano ganizirani zolemba zakale motsatira ndondomeko yake: malo akale (Antiquity ndi East), Middle Ages, Renaissance, Classicism, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism ndi Modernity. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kulembedwa kwalembedwa kunayamba kuonekera ku Greece, Rome, komanso m'mayiko a Kum'maŵa. Zinali mu mphamvu izi zomwe zinayambira chinenero choyamba. M'dziko lakale linayamba kuoneka nthano - za Hercules, za Zeu ndi milungu ina, za mbalame zam'tchire ndi zazikulu. Pambuyo pake, akatswiri afilosofi, oganiza ndi olemba anawonekera. Ndiwo Homer, Sappho, Aeschylus, Horace. Mtundu uwu tsopano umatchedwa ndakatulo, koma nthawi zambiri nkhanizi zimatchulidwa ngati gwero lodalirika. Dziko la Kum'maŵa Kummawa limatchuka kokha chifukwa cha ndakatulo zophunzitsira. Komabe, tisaiŵale kuti mu gawo lino lapansi nthawi yakale buku lofunika kwambiri la anthu linawoneka - Baibulo.

Zaka zapakati pazaka zapitazi

Palibe malire omveka pakati pa nthawiyi, ndipo sifunikira. Ndipotu, m'zaka zapitazo pamene Ulaya adayamba kupanga bungwe la boma, anthu sanali ojambula. Kuwonetseratu koyamba kwa chilengedwe m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages kunasokonezedwa ndi tchalitchi. Choncho, cholowa cholembedwa, chomwe tinalandira kuchokera kwa zaka zimenezo, ndi chokhalitsa. Pano mukhoza kutcha "Nyimbo Yanga", "Nyimbo ya Roland" ndi "Nyimbo ya Nibelungs." Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, Kubweranso kwachilengedwe kunabwera, ndipo dziko lapansi limadziwika ndi mayina monga Shakespeare, Dante, Boccaccio, Cervantes. Nkhani zawo zikhoza kutchedwa mfulu, popeza palibe dongosolo lomveka bwino, ndipo pakati pa zochitika ndi munthu ndi maganizo ake. Ichi ndicho chikhalidwe chachikulu cha Kubadwanso kwatsopano.

Kupanga makatani okhwima

Pamene tilembera zaka mu dongosolo, zaka zana limodzi, zaka zonse zimakhala m'malo, kupatula Classicism. Zikuwoneka kuti zakhala kunja kwa nthawi, malo, motsutsana ndi maziko ena. Kuchokera nthawi yomwe chikhalidwechi chinakhazikitsidwa kuti chikhale chitsimikiziro cha olemba a ku Ulaya, nthawi zambiri malemba akuwonekera. Iwo anagawidwa momveka kukhala mitundu: ode, satire, tsoka, comedy, epic, fable. Tikhoza kunena kuti kuyambira pamenepo, malire a chilengedwe adakhazikitsidwa, omwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano (taonani cinema).

Kumverera ndi Romanticism

Mitsinje iwiriyi ikuoneka kuti ikugwirizana. Iwo ndi otchuka chifukwa cha mabuku awo, omwe amafotokoza zochitika za olemba, malingaliro awo, zokonda ndi zofuna. Ena mwa olemba zachikondi olembedwa m'makalata ofiira ndi maina monga Balzac, Dickens, Hoffmann, Victor Hugo, Sisters Bronte, Mark Twain, W. Scott ndi ena ambiri. M'zaka zapitazi za chikondi, olemba monga Oskar Wilde ndi Edgar Allan Poe adalenga. Nkhani zawo kale sizimveka, koma zili ndi nzeru zakuya.

Zoona ndi Zamakono, komanso zolemba zamakono

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi m'ma 2000, mafunde ambiri anapezeka m'mabuku. M'dziko lathu iwo amatchedwa Silver Age, mwa ena omwe amangotchedwa kuti molingana ndi kalembedwe ka ntchito inayake. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali choyimira ndi chiwonongeko. Oimira maderawa anali olemba monga Verlaine, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Blok. Acmeism inali yotchuka kwambiri ku Russia. Mtsogoleri wake wamkulu anali Anna Akhmatova. Kuchokera nthaŵi imeneyo, mabuku akhala akutheka kwambiri. Anthu anasiya maganizo ndi malingaliro. Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka pano, olembawo akulongosola zochitika zilizonse pakuwona, pakuganizira zonse zatsopano zomwe zikupita patsogolo.

Zojambula Zabwino

Tsopano ndi nthawi yoti muganizire nthawi zonse mujambula mu dongosolo. Timazindikira mwamsanga kuti pali zambiri mwa iwo kuposa mabuku, choncho, tidzatembenukira kwa aliyense mwachangu komanso mwachidule.

• Kujambula pakhomo.
• Kujambula kwa ku Egypt ndi ku Middle East.
• Chikhalidwe cha Krete-Mycenaean.
• Zojambula zakale ndi kulemba.
• Middle Ages: Chithunzi chojambula ndi mafanizo a Gothic pazochitika zachipembedzo.
• Renaissance. Oimira Bright ndi Michelangelo, Da Vinci ndi ena.
• Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 18, mawonekedwe a Baroque aonekera pa kujambula. Zimasonyezedwa bwino m'mafanizo a Caravaggio.
• Classicism, yomwe idakonzedwa kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 16, inagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Poussin ndi Rubens.
• Romanticism inadziwonetsera mwazitsulo za Delacour ndi Goya.
• Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 kunachitika chidwi kwambiri. Van Gogh amawonedwa kuti ndi woyimira wake wowala kwambiri, ndipo pambali pake pali Gauguin, Lautrec Munch ndi ena.
• M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, zojambulazo zidagawanika kukhala chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuthamanga koyamba kunayambika kokha ku Russia. Wachiŵiri anagonjetsa dziko lonse lapansi. Icho chikuwoneka bwino mu zojambula za S. Daly, P. Picasso ndi ojambula ena a nthawi ino.