Kodi Tokhtamysh yapita ku Moscow?

Mchitidwe wamagazi wotsutsana ndi Moscow Tokhtamysh unachitika mu 1382. Zinachitika posakhalitsa nkhondo ya Kulikovo, imene asilikali a ku Russia anagonjetsa a Tatata. Kupambana kwa Dmitry Donskoy kunapangitsa chiyembekezo kwa anthu okhala mumzinda wa Moscow, womwe tsopano wathazikika ndi kudalira kwa khan. Komabe, nkhondoyo inalepheretsa boma, ndipo patadutsa zaka ziwiri Tokhtamysh inapezeka pampando wa Moscow, anthu a m'mayiko a Slavic sanathe kupanga kukana koyenera.

Zofunikirako zoyendayenda

Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 14, Golden Horde inasiya kukhala dziko lokhazikika. Mphamvu ya Khan inayamba kutchulidwa. Olamulira ambiri a temnik ndi ankhondo anali ndi asilikali awo, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe iwo nthawi zonse ankayesera kuti azigonjetsa Horde lonse. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo ya Kulikovo ku steppe ya Chitata inapanga malo awiri azalephesi. Kumbali imodzi anali Khan Tokhtamysh, yemwe posakhalitsa anali atatenga likulu la Horde lonse. Wotsutsa wake anali Mamai - kadedi wakuda yemwe anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pakati pa asilikali. Iye ndiye anali kutsogolera gulu la nkhondo la Tatar pa nkhondo yotchuka ndi Dmitry Donskoy.

Anagonjetsedwa, Mamai anayamba kuthawira ku Crimea, kumene adasonkhanitsa otsalira a anthu omvera. Ndi gulu lankhondo laling'ono, iye adayesetsa kudzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi kuukira kwa Tokhtamysh, yemwe adafuna kuthetsa womutsutsa wamkulu. Nkhondoyi inachitika m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Kalki, kumene Mamai anagonjetsanso. Anathaŵiranso ku Crimea, kumene anaphedwa. Tsopano Tokhtamish anakhala wolamulira yekha wa Golden Horde.

Kukana kwa Dmitry Donskoy kupereka msonkho

Atapambana, khansa yatsopanoyo inatumiza nthumwi ku Moscow. Anauza kalonga wa Moscow kuti tsopano mphamvu ya Horde yabwezeretsedwa, wolamulira wa Russia ayenera kuyambiranso msonkho. Tokhtamish nayenso adathokoza Donskoy chifukwa chogonjetsa Mamai, wogonjetsa komanso wodziwa zambiri. Dmitry anakumana ndi nthumwizo ndi ulemu, koma anakana kulipira msonkho ndikudzizindikiritsa yekha kuti ndi woyang'anira khansa.

Nkhaniyi inachititsa kuti Tokhtamish ikwiyire. Iye sanafune kusiya njira yakale, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa ntchito ya Batu m'zaka za m'ma 1200. Kwa zaka zopitirira zana, akalonga a ku Russia sanangopereka msonkho kwa anthu okhawo, koma analandiridwa kuchokera kwa iwo malemba pa ulamuliro, ndiko kuti , adadziwika okha ngati Khans. Pamene goli la Mongolia linakhazikitsidwa, malo ambiri a ndale a Slavic anali adani wina ndi mzake ndipo sakanatha kukaniza. Tsopano malo ambiri a Russia anali ogwirizana kuzungulira Moscow. Anali kalonga wake yemwe adakwera patsogolo pa kukana anthu a steppe. Chifukwa chake, ulendo wopita ku Moscow Tokhtamysh unali mchitidwe woyenera kubwezeretsa ulamuliro wa khan. Komabe, adadikira kwa kanthaŵi, pomwe panthaŵi yomweyo akusonkhanitsa asilikali ndi zinthu zonse zofunika.

Chinsinsi kuyenda

Pamsonkhanowu usanafike ku Kazan, amalonda onse komanso anthu oyenda ku Russia anaphedwa ku Kazan. Izi zinachitidwa pofuna kuti Asilavo asaphunzire za asilikali akuyandikira. Kuwonjezera apo, sitima zamalonda zinali zothandiza kwa ankhondo a khansa. Pa zombozi asilikaliwo mofulumira komanso mopanda zofunikira anadutsa Volga ndipo adapezeka okha ku banki yoyenera. M'tsogolomu, njira ya asilikali inali kusintha nthawi zonse ndikupewa misewu yambiri. Chilichonse chinachitidwa kuti chiwonongeko chidabwitsa komanso chosadabwitsa.

Makina a Nizhny Novgorod ndi makina a Ryazan anali kumalire a kum'mawa kwa Russia ndipo angakhale oyamba kuukiridwa. Iwo anali odziimira okha ku Moscow. Pamene mphindi yotsiriza idadziwika za momwe khansayo adayendera patsogolo pa gulu lankhondo lalikulu, olamulira a mizinda imeneyi anatumiza amishonala awo kuti akakomane ndi msilikaliyo. Atsogoleri a chipani cha Nizhny Novgorod adasowa Tokhtamysh, yemwe nthawi zonse anasintha njira yake.

Chinyengo cha kalonga wa Ryazan

Ryazan Kalonga Oleg Ivanovich adasankha kudzakumana ndi Khan. Anapeza asilikali a Chitata pafupi kwambiri ndi maiko awo. Kalongayo adanena kuti amumvera ndipo adadziwika yekha ngati mutu wa khansa. Kuwonjezera apo, a Ryazanites adalimbikitsa anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti azikhala otetezeka komanso okongola kudutsa Mtsinje wa Oka. A Tatata anagwiritsa ntchito mfundozi ndikupita kuzungulira ulamuliro wa Oleg Ivanovich kuchokera kummawa.

Masiku ano okha, Dmitry Donskoy adadziwa kuti ulendo wa Moscow Tokhtamysh wayamba kale, ndipo gulu la adani likuyandikira malire a boma. Nkhani zoopsya izi zinagonjetsa Kremlin yonse. Zinaonekeratu kuti pofuna kuwatsutsa kwambiri amtundu wa Chitata, adayenera kusonkhanitsa pansi pa mabanki onse asilikali, kuphatikizapo omwe amakhala kumadzulo akumidzi. Kotero, Dmitry Donskoy anapita kukonza gulu la asilikali (woyamba ku Pereyaslavl, ndiyeno ku Kostroma). Msuweni wake ndi oyandikana kwambiri akugwirizana ndi mfumu Vladimir Andreevich ndi cholinga chomwechi mwamsanga kwa Wolves Lamsky.

Othaŵa kwawo ku Moscow

Kuyambira nthawi yomweyo ulendo wa Tokhtamysh wopita ku Moscow unapitirizabe. Khan, potsiriza, adadutsa Oka ndipo adatenga Serpukhov. Komabe, cholinga chake chachikulu chinali ndendende ku Moscow. Akristu, omwe anapeza Tatarasi panjira, adawapha mopanda chifundo. Anthu okhala m'midzi, midzi ndi midzi yaing'ono anathawira ku Moscow, kuyembekezera kupeza malo okhala m'maboma a Kremlin.

Mu 1367, pamene Dmitry Donskoi adakali wachinyamata, adayambitsa malo akale a malinga, omwe sakanatha kupulumutsa mzindawu panthawi ya nkhondo. Omanga adagwiritsa ntchito chida chatsopano - mwala woyera, umene unaperekedwa ku mzinda m'chilimwe ndi m'nyengo yozizira kuchokera kumabwalo oyandikana nawo. Kremlin yatsopano inamangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Kuyendayenda kwa Tokhtamsh ku Moscow kungawonongeke bwino chifukwa cha makoma aakulu a nyumbayi.

Muscovites amasonkhanitsa veche

Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa atsopano ku likulu kunayambitsa ziwawa. Anthuwa adagawanika m'magawo awiri. Mmodzi ankafuna kudzibisa yekha mumzinda ndikudzipulumutsa yekha. Ena adasokonezeka ndipo adaganiza zochoka kumalowa. Khwando la Khan Tokhtamysh ku Moscow linawopa anthu ambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, moyo mumzindawu unali wolumala chifukwa chosowa ulamuliro woyenerera. Dmitry Donskoy ndi Vladimir Andreevich anali adakali kumpoto, akusonkhanitsa asilikali.

Pulojekiti ya Khan Tokhtamysh ku Moscow inakakamiza anthu kuti asonkhanitse. Potsirizira pake, pa voti, adatsimikiza kuti atseke kuchoka kunja kwa mzinda ndikudikirira mdani ndi zida m'manja. Pa nthawi yomweyi, anyamata ambiri adachoka kumzindawu. Pakati pa anthu achifumu kumeneko kunali mphekesera kuti kalonga anathawa mumzindawu, akumusiya kuti alande adaniwo.

Potsutsana ndi chikhalidwe ichi, chiukitsiro chotchuka choyamba chinayamba, chomwe chinali chotsutsana ndi anyamata otsalawo. Popeza kuti boma lapita ku veche, mzindawu unayamba kulamulira anthu. Pamene Tokhtamsh yafika ku Moscow (1382), ambiri mumzindawu sanali okonzeka kuchitika mwamsanga. Komabe, m'masiku a kuzungulira, padakali munthu yemwe adadziwonetsa yekha kukhala mtsogoleri. Anali mkulu wa dziko la Lithuania dzina lake Ostej, yemwe anali mdzukulu wa Olgerd wotchuka. Mwa chisankho chake, midzi yonse yozungulira inkawotchedwa. Izi zinachitidwa kuti awononge Matatare a pogona ndi chakudya panthawi yozunguliridwa.

Kuyambira pa Kuzingidwa

Zomwezo zinatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira, zomwe khwando la Khan Tokhtamysh linayambitsa Moscow. Chaka cha nkhondo ya a Tattala chinalibe mbiri yakale ku Russia. Pomaliza, pa August 23, Khan ndi asilikali adayandikira Moscow. Panthawiyi, anthu a mumzindawu adakonza miyala, madzi otentha ndi phula kuti athetse adani. Kuonjezera apo, zolemba za kuzungulira zimatanthawuza ku ntchito yoyamba ya mfuti ya Russian. Zonsezi zinachitika kuti athetse maulendo a Tokhtamysh ku Moscow. Chaka cha kuukiridwacho chinakumbukiridwa ndi zizoloŵezi zosiyanasiyana za anthu a ku Russia, mothandizidwa ndi omwe adamenyana ndi otsutsa omwe sanayembekezere.

Kunyenga Achiatata

Kuthamanga kwa mzindawo kunakhala masiku atatu. Pa nthawiyi, a Tatata anataya anthu ambiri chifukwa cha zipolopolo zazing'ono. Komabe, asilikali a Khan analibe mphamvu zamphamvu. Pa August 26, apulezidenti anapita ku Moscow, pakati pawo omwe anali ana a mfumu ya Nizhny Novgorod. Iwo ankanena kuti anthu okhala mumzindawo adzatsegule zipata. Pa nthawi yomweyo amithenga adalonjeza kuti sadzakhetsa mwazi wa Muscovites. Anasiya, osapeza thandizo kuchokera kwa kalonga wake, yemwe anali kutali, amakhulupirira kukhudzidwa uku.

Chipata chinali chotseguka. Nthumwi yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi Ostey inachoka kukakumana ndi a Chitata. Bungwe lonse la ambassy lidamangidwanso mwamsanga. A Tatata adalowa m'zipata zotseguka ndikupanga kupha anthu osapanda chifundo. Kotero anatha ntchito ya Tokhtamish yolimbana ndi Moscow. Tsiku la chochitika ichi linafotokozedwa mu annals ngati chimodzi mwachisoni kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia.

Zotsatira za kuyenda

Mzinda wa Moscow utalandidwa ndi kuwotchedwa, gulu la nkhondo la Tatar linagawidwa m'magulu angapo. Iwo anapita ku midzi yopanda chitetezo. Motero Vladimir, Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod ndi Yuryev anawonongedwa. Msilikali wina wa ku Tatar anagonjetsedwa ndi Vladimir Andreevich atakhala pafupi ndi Volok Lamsky. Ndiye Tokhtamysh adamva za njira ya Dmitry Donskoy, yemwe adatsogolera maulendo atsopano kuchokera ku Kostroma. Khan adaganiza kuti asapereke nkhondo yeniyeni. Anachoka m'malire a dziko la Russia, akuthawa katundu wa Kolomna panjira, atatenga katundu wambirimbiri ndi akapolo ambiri.

Pambuyo pake, Dmitry anayenera kuvomereza kwa kanthawi kuti anali msonkho kwa Horde. Nkhondo yofuna kudziimira inali isanakwane. Moscow yopsereza mwamsanga inamangidwanso, koma kukumbukira kupha anthu ku Chitata kwa nthawi yaitali kumakhala kukumbukira anthu a m'matawuni. Kwawo, Horde anapha anthu 24,000.