Korolevich Vladislav pa mpando wachifumu wa Russia: zaka za boma ndi zochititsa chidwi

Vladislav IV anabadwa pa June 9, 1595. Bambo ake anali Sigismund III. Ankaganiza kuti adzakwera ku Russia mu 1610. Pa August 27 (September 6) analumbirira ku khoti la Moscow ndi anthu. Tiyeni tipitirize kulingalira, chomwe chinakhala mwana wamwamuna wa mfumu ya ku Poland, mwana wa Mfumu Vladislav.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Malingana ndi mgwirizano wa 1610, anamaliza ku Smolensk pakati pa khoti la Moscow ndi Sigismund, kalonga wa Vladislav adzalandira mphamvu. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kupanga ndalama zachitsulo m'malo mwake. Mu 1610 Vasily Shuisky adachotsedwa. Komabe, wolowa m'malo sanalandire Orthodoxy ndipo sanabwere ku Moscow. Motero, iye sanavekedwe korona wa mpando wachifumu. Mu October 1612 gulu la boyar limene linamuthandiza linachotsedwa.

Korolevich Vladislav: yochepa biography

Amayi ake anamwalira patatha zaka zitatu atabadwa. Panthawi imeneyo, Ursula Meyerin anasangalala kwambiri ku khoti. Iye anakweza Vladislav. Pafupifupi 1600, Ursula, mwachiwonekere, anataya mphamvu zake. Wophunzira wake adapeza aphunzitsi atsopano, pafupi naye adakhala osiyana kwambiri ndi aphunzitsi. Ena mwa iwo, anali Andrzej Sholdrsky, Gabriel Prevanciush, Marek Lentkovsky. Komanso, kalonga Vladislav anali ndi ubwenzi ndi Adam ndi Stanislav Kazanovsky. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti ankakonda kujambula, ndipo kenaka adayamba kuwonetsa ojambulawo. Kalonga analankhula kokha mu Chipolishi. Komabe, amakhoza kuwerenga ndi kulemba mu Chilatini, Chiitaliya ndi Chijeremani.

Diploma ya Sigismund

Kuitana kwa Prince Vladislav kunali kovomerezeka kwambiri. Iye ndi bambo ake anatumizidwa kalata yapadera. Icho chinayika zinthu zofunika pa chisankho cha mfumu yake. Makamaka, malinga ndi chilembacho, adapatsidwa mphamvu pa mizinda yonse atalandira chikhristu. Popeza anali wa Chiprotestanti, ayenera kuti anabatizidwa ku Moscow. Mfumu yamtsogolo inali kuteteza mpingo kuti usawonongeke, kupembedza zozizwitsa ndikuzilemekeza. Sankaloledwa kukhazikitsa mipingo ya chikhulupiriro chosiyana mumzinda uliwonse. Sankaloledwa kutembenuza anthu molimbika ku chipembedzo china. Palibe chifukwa chololedwa kuchoka ku mipingo ndi nyumba za amonke, ndalama, zokolola. M'malo mwake, kalonga amayenera kupereka ndalama kwa miyoyo ya atumiki.

Sankaloledwa kufotokoza kusintha kulikonse ndi maudindo omwe analipo mu boma, zinaletsedwa kuika anthu a Chi Lithuanian ndi a Polish kuti athetse zochitika za zemstvo. Sankaloledwa kuwaika ngati voivodes, akulu, akulu ndi abwanamkubwa. Malo oyambirira a patrimonial ndi malo a eni ake adayenera kusungidwa. Kusintha kwa malipiro a boma kunaloledwa kokha ndi chilolezo cha Duma. Lamulo lofanana ndilo linaperekedwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo, chigamulo, makamaka chilango cha imfa.

Commonwealth ndi Russia anayenera kukhala mwamtendere ndikupanga mgwirizano wamagulu. Zinaletsedwa kubwezera wakufayo pakugonjetsedwa kwachinyengo Dmitry woyamba. Mabungwewo adalonjeza kubwezeretsa akaidi popanda dipo. Malamulo ndi msonkho sayenera kusintha. Komanso, serfdom iyenera kukhala yogwirizana. Anasankha chisankho chapadera chokhudza Cossacks. Palimodzi ndi Duma, amayenera kusankha ngati ali ku Russia kapena ayi. Ukwati ukatha, kunali kofunika kuyeretsa malo a mbala komanso alendo. Mfumuyi inali ndi ufulu wopereka malipiro. Chotsatira cha Bodza Dmitry Wachiwiri chinasankhidwanso mwa kulemba. Iye amayenera kuti azigwira kapena kupha. Marina Mniszek anayenera kubwezeretsedwa ku Poland.

Semiboyarschina ndi kalonga wa Vladislav (Smuta)

1610 zinali zovuta kwambiri kukhoti la ku Moscow. Vasily Shuisky anagonjetsedwa ndi Semiboyar. Sigismund wa zaka 15 analandira mphamvu pompano. Komabe, abambo anaika patsogolo zinthu za chisankho cha Prince Vladislav. Choyamba, Sigismund anafuna kuti anthu asinthe Chikatolika kuchokera ku Orthodoxy. Boyars, nayenso, anapemphedwa kuti atumize Vladislav ku Moscow kuti atembenukire ku Chikhristu. Sigismund adatsutsa mwamphamvu. Komabe, adadzipereka yekha monga regent-wolamulira wa dzikolo. Cholinga ichi sichinali chovomerezeka kwa anyamata. Zonsezi zinapangitsa anthu kuti azidana nawo. Makamaka, Vladislav IV anakonza nkhondo. Mu 1616 anayesa kubwezeretsanso mphamvu. Iye anatha ngakhale kupambana mu nkhondo zingapo. Komabe, sanathe kugwira Moscow. Ngakhale pempho la Prince Vladislav kupita kumpando wachifumu wa Russia, iye sanawutenge. Komabe, mutuwo unasungidwa kwa iye mpaka 1634.

Kuwonongedwa kwa dera la Semiboyar

Chifukwa chake, Hermogenes yopatulika kwambiri inayamba kulepheretsa Duma kutchula Vladislav. Komabe, anyamatawa anaima molimba. Chowonadi ndi chakuti iwo anali akukonzekera kukambitsirana kwa nthawi yaitali. Shuisky anagonjetsedwa msangamsanga, nthawi yomweyo anasaina pangano ndi Sigismund. Icho chinangokhala kuti chibweretse Vladislav, kumubatiza iye ndi kumuveka iye korona. Hermogenes, pozindikira kuti zinthu zomwe zili mu boma sizikula monga momwe ziyembekezere, zimayamba kuda nkhawa anthu. Amatumiza makalata ku mizinda ndi mayitanidwe oti apite ku Moscow ndi kugonjetsa mphamvu ya Amalonda. Kwa ichi iye anazunzidwa. Komabe, chisokonezo mwa anthu sichinayime, koma, m'malo mwake, chinawonjezeka. Chotsatira chake, kuwukira kunachitika polamulidwa ndi Pozharsky ndi Minin. Anthuwo anapita ku Moscow ndipo anasiya Duma Boyar. Romanov anakwera kumpando wachifumu.

Zotsatira

Ndiyenera kunena kuti Vladislav wazaka 15 sakanakhoza kukhala mfumu yodziŵa kuwerenga. Panthawi imeneyo adakalibe wosankha zochita, ndipo zonse zomwe adachita zinkachitika ndi abambo ake. Komanso, Sigismund anaika zinthu motsutsa malingaliro a Boyar Duma. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akazembe a ku Poland anali kale ku khoti ndipo sanakhudzidwe ndi ziganizozi kapena zina. Inde, anthu a ku Moscow sanafune izi. Mwina kupititsa patsogolo kwa chiwawa kunali kunyalanyaza miyambo ya Vladislav. Iwo adanena kuti sikuti anali wamng'ono ndipo sakanatha kuyendetsa bomali, choncho sanabwere kubatizidwe ndi ukwati. Choncho, kulengeza kwake tsar ku Russia kunalibe maziko ovomerezeka.

Nkhondo za asilikali

Asanayambe kulamulira mu Commonwealth ya Chipolishi-Lithuania, Vladislav anachita nawo nkhondo zingapo. Ena mwa iwo anali kupita ku Moscow. Kuphatikizanso apo, adachita nawo nkhondo ndi ufumu wa Ottoman mu 1621, Sweden - mu 1626-1629. Panthawiyi, komanso paulendo wake wopita ku Ulaya (1624-1625), adadziŵa bwino za zojambula zankhondo. Korolevich Vladislav nthawi zonse ankachita zinthu zankhondo monga chofunikira kwambiri. Iye sanali wosiyana mu luso lapaderayi la nkhondo, koma iye anatsimikizira kuti ndi mtsogoleri waluso wankhondo.

Ndale

Poyamba, kalonga wa Vladislav anakana kugwirizana kwambiri ndi a Habsburgs. Mu 1633, adalonjeza kuti amodzi ndi okhulupirira a Orthodox ndi Aprotestanti, akukakamiza Radziwill Catholic kuti avomereze lamulo. Otsatirawa analibe mwayi wosankha kukwaniritsa gawo la magawo awiri poopseza zigawo zofunika ku Commonwealth kupita kwa Aprotestanti. M'chaka chomwechi, Vladislav anasankha Ksyshtof Radziwill ku ofesi ya mkulu wa bwanamkubwa wa Vilna. Mu 1635, womalizirayo anakhala a hetman wamkulu wa ku Lithuania. Olemekezeka a Chiprotestanti analetsa Vladislav kuyesa nkhondo ndi Sweden. Mu 1635, sitima ya Stumsdorf inasaina. Pachifukwa ichi, Vladislav anayambanso mgwirizano ndi Hapsburgs, womaliza ndi bambo ake.

Maukwati

Kalonga wa ku Poland Vladislav anali wokwatira kawiri. Anapempha Papa Urban kuti alonjeze kuti amupatse chilolezo chokwatirana ndi mfumu ya Chiprotestanti. Komabe, iye anakanidwa. Chakumayambiriro kwa 1634 anatumiza Alexander Pripkovsky kwa Charles I ndi ntchito yamabisika. Nthumwiyo inakambirana zokambirana zaukwati ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsa zombo za ku Poland. Pamsonkhano pa March 19, 1635, kukambirana za ukwati kunachitika. Komabe, mabishopu okhawo analipo, mmodzi mwa iwo anathandizira mapulani. Ukwati woyamba unachitika m'chaka cha 1636. Vladislav anakwatiwa ndi Cecilia Renate wa ku Austria. Iwo anabadwira Sigismund Kazimir ndi Maria Anna Isabella. Woyamba anamwalira ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuchokera kumwazi, ndipo mwanayo anamwalira ali wakhanda. Mu 1644 Cecilia anamwalira. Mu 1646 Vladislav anakwatiwa ndi mfumukazi ya ku France Maria Louise de Gonzaga de Nevers. Iwo analibe ana.

Kupambana

Kumayambiriro kwa November 1632, Vladislav anakhala mfumu ya ku Poland, Sigismund atamwalira. Panthawiyi, Mikhail Romanov akuganiza zopita ku Rzeczpospolita ndi nkhondo. Ankaganiza kuti adzapindula ndi chisokonezo pambuyo pa imfa ya Sigismund. Pafupi anthu 34.5 zikwi anadutsa malire akum'maŵa a Commonwealth. Mu October 1632 asilikali anamenyana ndi Smolensk. Russia idapereka kwa Deulina Armistice wa 1618. Komabe, panthawi ya usilikali, Vladislav sankangolankhula kukweza kuzungulira kwake, komanso kuzungulira ankhondo ndi kumukakamiza kuti apereke kudzipereka pa March 1, 1634. Pambuyo pake, chigwirizano chatsopano chinavomerezedwa, chabwino kwa Rzeczpospolita. Zinthu zake, pakati pazinthu zina, zinkaganiza kuti kulipira makombo 20,000 ku Vladislav. Pofuna kukana zifukwa kwa akuluakulu a boma la Moscow ndi kubwerera kwa zizindikiro zomwe a Semiboyarschina adapatsidwa.

Panthawi ya nkhondo ya 1632-1634. Mu Rzecz Pospolita panali magulu amphamvu kwambiri a asilikali. Vladislav ankasamala kwambiri za kupititsa patsogolo zida zankhondo ndi maulendo. Patangopita nthawi yochepa, Rzecz Pospolita inayamba kuopseza anthu a ku Turkey. Vladislav anatsogolera asilikali kum'mwera kwa malire a Russia. Anakakamiza anthu a ku Turkey kuti asayine zifukwa zomveka. Otsatila pankhondo adagwirizananso kuti azinthu za Tatarasi ndi Cossacks zisayendetse malire ndi mgwirizano wamba pa Wallachia ndi Moldavia.

Pambuyo pa mapepala a kumwera, panafunika kuteteza mbali ya kumpoto kwa Commonwealth ya Polish-Lithuanian. Mu 1635, Sweden, yomwe inagwidwa mu nkhondo ya zaka khumi ndi zitatu, idagwirizana ndi mawu a Stormsdorf. Panganoli linapindulanso kwa Commonwealth. Ena mwa madera omwe anagonjetsedwa ku Sweden anayenera kubwezeretsedwa.

Zosangalatsa

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri ambiri, Vladislav anali wofunitsitsa kwambiri. Iye analota za ulemerero waukulu, womwe adafuna kukwaniritsa ndi kugonjetsa kwatsopano. M'zaka zapitazi za boma, ankayembekezera kugwiritsa ntchito maofesi a Cossacks kuti athandize kulimbikitsa nkhondo pakati pa Turkey ndi Poland. Panthawi zosiyanasiyana, adafuna kuti adzalandire mphamvu ku Sweden. Vladislav ankafuna kangapo kubwerera korona wa Russia. Iye anali atakonzekera kulanda Ufumu wa Ottoman. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, nthawi zambiri ankakopeka ndi Cossacks omwe anali ovuta. Komabe, kuyesa kwake konse kunalephera chifukwa cha kusakwanira okwanira kwa alendo achilendo ndi apamwamba. Nthaŵi zambiri, mmalo mwa nkhondo zazikulu, kunali nkhondo zopanda malire zomwe zinkabalalitsa mphamvu za boma. Pamapeto pake, izi zinapangitsa kuti Rzeczpospolita aphedwe.

Akatswiri ena olemba mbiri amakhulupirira kuti Vladislav anali wokwiya kwambiri. Wowopsya, amatha kubwezera, osaganiza za zotsatira zake. Kotero, pamene Aprotestanti mu szlachta atseka zolinga zake kuti apite ku nkhondo ndi Sweden, anayamba kuchita ndondomeko ya pro-Habsburg. Makamaka, anapereka thandizo la usilikali kwa ogwirizana, anatenga Renatu ku Cecilia. Vladislav anali ndi ndondomeko zambiri ndi zowonjezereka, ndi zankhondo, ndi zaumwini, ndi magawo. Motero, anaganiza kuti analanda buku la Livonia, Silesia, lomwe linalandiridwa ndi Prussian Duchy, popanga makina ake apamwamba a korona. Zina mwa zolinga zake zikhoza kukwaniritsidwa. Komabe, chifukwa cha zolephereka kapena zochitika mwangozi za zovuta, panalibe chilichonse chomwe chinachitika.

Mtsutso pa dowry

Idayambira mu 1638. Vladislav ankafuna kuti dowry osapatsidwa kwa amayi ake aakazi ndi amayi adaperekedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Silesian, makamaka Opole-Racibórz. Mu 1642 anapempha Habsburgs ufulu wake ku Sweden. Chifukwa chake, Vladislav adapempha Silesia kuti am'bwezere. Msilikali wotumizidwa ku Vienna adapereka ndalama kuchokera ku chuma cha Bohemian cha Treben kupita ku Teshinsky kapena Opolsko-Racibórz. Mlanduwu unagwedezeka, ndipo Vladislav analengeza kwa nthumwi ya Habsburg kuti akugwirizana ndi Sweden. Mawu awa adawopsyeza, popeza kuti Vladislav angagwire Silesia ndi njira ya usilikali, popanda chilolezo cha Emperor.

Mu April 1645, nthumwi yatsopano yolankhulana inatumizidwa ku Warsaw. Iwo anamaliza kulephera ku Vladislav, koma ndi yabwino kwambiri kwa Habsburgs. Zotsatira zake, zinasankhidwa kusinthanitsa mfundo zapamwamba osati monga cholowa, koma monga zaka 50 zagulitsa. Cholingacho chiyenera kuti chidzasamutsidwa ku Kazimir, mwana wa Vladislav. Otsatirawo akhoza kuyang'anira malowa mpaka ambiri olowa m'malo. Kuwonjezera apo, Vladislav analonjeza kuti adzapereka ndalama kwa Habsburgs ya golidi 1.1 miliyoni.

Kulephera

Vladislav ankagwiritsa ntchito dzina la mfumu ya Sweden. Komabe, dziko la pansi pa ulamuliro wake silinakhaleko. Ndiponso, monga momwe zinalili ndi Russia, sanalowe ngakhale gawo lawo. Ngakhale izi, iye adayesetsa kuti atenge mphamvu m'manja mwake ku Sweden. Komabe, khama lake lonse, monga atate ake, linali lopanda zipatso. Cholinga cha Vladislav cha pakhomo chinali cholinga cholimbikitsa mphamvu yachifumu. Komabe, izi zinkasokonezedwa nthawi zonse ndi anthu olemekezeka, omwe amayamikira ufulu wake ndipo sangaphonye ufulu wochita nawo boma. Vladislav anayenera kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana nthawi zonse. Zopinga zinayambitsidwa ndi Seimas, yomwe idayesetsa kuthetsa mphamvu zake ndikuletsa zilakolako za dynastic. Kuyenerera kwa ankhondo kunkawoneka ngati chokhumba kulimbitsa udindo waufumu mu nthawi ya nkhondo. Chifukwa cha ichi, a Saeima amatsutsana kwambiri ndi zolinga za Vladislav. Iye anakanidwa kulipira ndalama, kulemba zizindikiro pa chiyambi cha nkhondo. Zomwe zinali mu ndondomeko yachilendo zinali zofanana. Vladislav anayesera kutsimikizira a German ndi a Scandinavia omwe anali otsutsana pa nkhondo ya zaka khumi ndi zitatu. Komabe, ntchito zake zonse sizinapindule, ndipo thandizo la Habsburgs pafupifupi silinabweretse zotsatira. Pofuna kuteteza malo ku Baltic, Vladislav inayamba kulimbikitsa zombozi. Komabe, ndondomekoyi siidatha ndi chirichonse.

Kutsiliza

Vladislav anamwalira mu 1648. Ziwalo zake zamkati ndi mtima zimayikidwa muchitchalitchi cha St. Casimir, m'tchalitchi chachikulu cha St. Stanislaus ku Vilnius. Imfa ya Vladislav inadza chaka chimodzi mwana wake Sigismund Kazimir atamwalira. Iye sakanakhoza kuzindikira zolinga zake zonse, iye sakanakhoza kumanganso Rzeczpospolita. Komabe, adatha kupeŵa nawo mbali mu nkhondo ya zaka khumi ndi zitatu.

Ndi imfa ya Vladislav, boma la Poland linakhala labwino kwambiri. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, Cossacks anayamba kuuka kwawo. Anasonyeza kusakhutira ndi mfundo yakuti malonjezano onse sanakwaniritsidwe. Kupandukira kwa Cossack kunachitika mwakhama ndipo kunauzidwa ndi boma la Poland. Zomwe zinayambirapo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Sweden, zomwe zinayambitsa nkhondo.