Zida za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse: zida, akasinja

Chimodzi mwa zovuta ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa mbiri ya anthu onse chinali Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Zida zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo yonyenga ya mayiko 63 mwa maiko 74 omwe analipo panthawiyo, adanena mazana ambirimbiri a miyoyo yaumunthu.

Cold steel

Anabweretsa zida zankhondo 2 za padziko lonse za mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodalitsika: kuchokera ku mfuti yosavuta kuti ikhale moto - "Katyusha." Zinyumba zing'onozing'ono, mabomba, zinyama zosiyanasiyana, zida zankhondo, matanki anakula bwino muzaka izi.

Zida zozizira za Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse zidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyandikana ndi manja komanso monga mphoto. Anayimilidwa ndi: bayonets, omwe anaperekedwa ndi mfuti ndi galimoto; Mipeni ya nkhondo ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana; Kortex ku malo apamwamba ndi nyanja; Ofufuza oyendetsa mahatchi apamwamba apamwamba ndi apamwamba; Broadswords; Mipeni yapachiyambi yopambana mphoto, nswala ndi sabers.

Mikono yaying'ono

Nkhondo zing'onozing'ono za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse zinagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, popeza idali ndi anthu ambiri. Kuchokera pa zida za wina aliyense zimadalira njira yonse ya nkhondoyo komanso zotsatira zake.

Zida zazing'ono za USSR 2 Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse m'dongosolo la zida za Red Army linaimiridwa ndi mitundu yotsatirayi: magulu a nthawi yaumwini (maulendo ndi mabasiketi a apolisi), magulu amodzi (masitolo, kudzimangirira ndi zitsulo zokhazokha ndi mfuti, kwa asilikari), zida zowombera ), Pokhapokha pamakina (makina osindikizira makina), gulu la zida zogwiritsa ntchito zida za magulu ndi magulu a magulu osiyanasiyana a asilikali (mfuti zamakina), pa mfuti yapadera × mayunitsi (makina mfuti, wokwera pa awathandiza easel), odana ndi ndege manja moto (mfuti odana ndege mfuti ndi mfuti za makina a likungosonyeza chachikulu), mikono thanki moto (thanki makina mfuti).

Zida zochepa kwambiri za Soviet

Soviet Army amagwiritsira ntchito zida zazing'ono monga mfuti yotchuka komanso yofunika kwambiri ya 1891/30 (Mosina), zida zogwiritsira ntchito SVT-40 (FV Tokarev), mwachangu АВС-36 (SG Simonov), pistol- Mfuti za PPD-40 (VA Degtyarev), PPSh-41 (GS Shpagin), PPS-43 (AI Sudaeva), pistol mtundu wa TT (FV Tokarev), DP manual machine gun A. Degtyarev, infantry), mfuti yamakina a DShK (VA Degtyarev-GS Shpagin), mfuti ya makina a SG-43 (PM Goryunova), mfuti ya anti-tank PTRD (VA Degtyarev) ndi PTRS (SG Simonov). Chinthu chachikulu cha chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 7.62 mm. Zothandizira zonsezi zinapangidwa ndi akatswiri a Soviet, ogwirizanitsa maofesi apadera opanga maofesi (kupanga maofesi ojambula) ndikubweretsa chigonjetso choyandikira.

Chothandizira kwambiri pa njira yakugonjetsera chinasewera ndi zida zazing'ono za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse monga mfuti. Chifukwa chosowa zida zankhondo kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, zinthu zinasokonekera kwambiri ku Soviet Union. Zinali zofunikira kumanga mofulumira mtundu uwu wa zida. M'miyezi yoyamba ya kupanga kwake kunakula kwambiri.

Makina atsopano ndi mfuti zamakina

Mu 1941, mfuti yatsopano ya PPSh-41 inalandiridwa. Anadutsa PPD-40 ndi zoposa 70% molondola, motero anali ophweka kwambiri komanso anali ndi makhalidwe abwino. Zopadera kwambiri ndi PPS-43. Baibulo lake lafupika linamuthandiza msilikali kuti asinthe kwambiri nkhondo. Ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ogwira ntchito yam'tchire, zikwangwani, zikwangwani. Njira yamakono yopanga mfuti yotereyi inali yaikulu kwambiri. Pofuna kutulutsa zitsulo zocheperachepera zinkakhala zochepa komanso pafupifupi 3 peresenti kuposa PPSh-41.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mfuti yaikulu ya makina DSKK ndi chipolopolo chodzipangira zida zowonongeka kwa magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi ndege. Mfuti ya makina a SG-43 pamakinawa amachotsa kudalira pamapezeka madzi osungirako madzi, chifukwa anali ndi mpweya wabwino.

Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa akasinja a adani kunayambitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya antitank PTRD ndi PTRS. Ndipotu, mothandizidwa, nkhondoyo inagonjetsedwa pafupi ndi Moscow.

Chimene Amalimenti anamenyera

Zida za ku Germany za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse zimayimira zosiyanasiyana. German Wehrmacht imagwiritsira ntchito mabasiketi a mtunduwo: Mauser C96 - 1895, Mauser HSc - 1935-1936., Mauser M 1910., Sauer 38H - 1938, Walther P38 - 1938, Walther PP - 1929. Zomwe pistols zinasinthasintha : 5.6; 6.35; 7.65 ndi 9.0 mm. Chimene chinali chosokoneza kwambiri.

Mafutiwa ankagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya 7,92 mm: Mauser 98k - 1935, Gewehr 41 - 1941, FG - 42 - 1942, Gewehr 43 - 1943, StG 44 - 1943, StG 45 (M ) - 1944, Volkssturmgewehr 1-5 - kumapeto kwa 1944.

Mitundu ya mfuti: MG-08 - 1908, MG-13 - 1926, MG-15 - 1927, MG-34 - 1934, MG42 - 1941. Ankagwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo pamtundu wa 7,92 mm.

Mfuti yamagetsi, otchedwa German "Schmeisser", adalemba zotsatirazi: MP 18 - 1917, MP 28 - 1928, MP35 - 1932, MP 38/40 - 1938, MP-3008 - 1945 . Onse anali 9 mm caliber. Komanso, asilikali achijeremani ankagwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono zomwe anazitenga kuchokera ku magulu ankhondo a ku Ulaya omwe anali akapolo.

Zida m'manja mwa asilikali a ku America

Chimodzi mwa ubwino waukulu wa Amwenye ku chiyambi cha nkhondo chinali chiwerengero chokwanira cha zida zokha. Mayiko a US chifukwa cha nthawi yoyambitsa mikangano inali imodzi mwa zinthu zochepa chabe padziko lapansi zomwe zakhala zikukonzekera mwatsatanetsatane kayendedwe kawo kanyumba kosungira zida. Ankagwiritsa ntchito mfuti "Grand" M-1, "Johnson" M1941, "Grand" M1D, galimoto M1, M1F1, M2, "Smith Wesson" M1940. Kwa mitundu ina ya mfuti, mvula yolumikiza M7 grenade yotaya 22 mm yotsegulidwa inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakukulu kunapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zowonjezera moto komanso kumenyana ndi zida zankhondo.

Anthu a ku America anagwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya Thompson, Substitution, United Defense M42, M3 Mfuti yamoto. Kukonzekera kunaperekedwa ndi Kubwereketsa Kumalo ku USSR. A British anali ndi makina: Sten, Austen, Lanchester Mk.1.
Chinthu chodabwitsa chinali chakuti mipikisano ya British Albion inkafanana ndi ya MP28 ku Germany pamene ikupanga mfuti yawo ya Lanchester Mk.1, pamene Australian Austen anabwereka malingaliro kuchokera kwa MP40.

Ziwombankhanga

Mfuti ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse yomwe inali pa nkhondoyi inkayimiridwa ndi anthu otchukawa: "Berreta" wa ku Italy, Belgium "Browning", Spanish Astra-Unceta, American Johnson, Winchester, Springfield, English-Lanchester, "Maxim" osaiwalidwa, Soviet PPSh ndi TT.

Artillery. The wotchuka "Katyusha"

Pokonzekera zida zankhondo za nthawi imeneyo, siteji yaikulu inali chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa rocket launchers.

Udindo wa asilikali a Soviet BM-13 ankhondo kumenyana ndi magalimoto m'nkhondo ndi yaikulu. Amadziwika ndi aliyense dzina lake "Katyusha". Mipukutu yake (RS-132) mu mphindi zochepa ingathe kuwononga osati mphamvu yokha ya mdani ndi teknoloji ya mdani, koma, chofunikira kwambiri, ndi kuipitsa mzimu wake. The projectiles anakhazikitsidwa pamaziko a mabomba monga Soviet ZIS-6 ndi American, otumizidwa ndi Kukongoza-Kutha, magalimoto onse Studebaker BS6.

Maselo oyambirira anapangidwa mu June 1941 pa chomera "Comintern" ku Voronezh. Volley yawo inagonjetsa a Germany pa July 14 chaka chomwecho pansi pa Orsha. Mu masekondi pang'ono chabe, kutulutsa mkokomo woopsya ndi kutulutsa utsi ndi malawi, miyalayi inathamangira kwa adani. Mphepo yamkuntho yotentha kwambiri inameza sitimayi za adani ku station ya Orsha.

Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kulengedwa kwa zida zakupha kunali nawo mbali ndi Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII). Ndiwo antchito ake - II Gvay, AS Popov, VN Galkovsky ndi ena - tifunikira kugwadira chilengedwe chozizwitsa chotere. Pazaka za nkhondo, makina oposa 10,000 anapangidwa.

German "Vanyusha"

Zida za asilikali a Germany zinakhalanso ndi zida zofanana - 15 cm Nb jet mortar. W41 (Nebelwerfer), kapena "Vanyusha" basi. Chinali chida chotsimikizika kwambiri. Anali ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwa projectiles kudera lomwe linakhudzidwa. Kuyesera kupititsa patsogolo matope kapena kupanga chinachake monga "Katyusha" analibe nthawi yomaliza chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a Germany.

Makanki

M'kukongola kwake ndi mitundu yonse, adatisonyeza zida zankhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse - thanki.

Mabanki otchuka kwambiri a Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse anali: T-34 msilikali wa tanchi wa Soviet wotchedwa Soviet, German "menagerie" - matanthwe akuluakulu T-VI "Tiger" ndi PzKpfw V "Panther", mapiritsi akuluakulu a America Sherman, M3 Li, Sitima ya ku Japan yosungunuka "Mizu Senya 2602" ("Ka-Mi"), thanki ya ku England ya Mk III "Valentine", yawo yaikulu yamatabwa "Churchill", ndi zina zotero.

"Churchill" amadziwika chifukwa choperekedwa ndi Kukonzekera ku USSR. Zida zake zomwe British anabweretsa chifukwa cha kuchepetsa kupanga kwa 152 mm. Pa nkhondo, iye anali wopanda ntchito kwathunthu.

Udindo wa asilikali a nkhondo pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse

M'ndondomeko ya chipani cha Nazi mu 1941, kunali mphezi yowonongeka ndi makina a tangizi pamagulu a asilikali a Soviet ndi mazenera awo onse. Icho chinali chomwe chimatchedwa blitzkrieg - "nkhondo ya mphezi". Chifukwa cha ntchito zonse zowopsya ku Germany mu 1941 zinali ndendende magulu ankhondo.

Kuwonongedwa kwa akasinja a Soviet pogwiritsa ntchito mabomba okwera ndege komanso nkhondo yaitali kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo kunatsala pang'ono kugonjetsa USSR. Zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri nkhondoyo zinali ndi ziwerengero zofunikira zankhondo.

Imodzi mwa nkhondo zotchuka kwambiri zamathanki a Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse - nkhondo ya Prokhorovka, yomwe inachitika mu July 1943. Ntchito zowononga asilikali a Soviet kuyambira 1943 mpaka 1945 zasonyeza mphamvu za ankhondo athu okwera matanki ndipo amatha kuchita nawo nkhondo mwamwano. Ankawona kuti njira zomwe fascists zimayambitsa kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo (izi ndi zovuta ndi magulu a tangi pampando wa adani) tsopano zakhala mbali yolimbana ndi machitidwe a Soviet. Kuukira kotere ndi magulu ndi matanki opangidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono anawonetsedwa modabwitsa mu Kiev Offensive Operation, Byelorussian ndi Lvov-Sandomierz, Iasi-Kishenevo, Baltic, Berlin omwe ankadana ndi Germany komanso Manchurian motsutsana ndi Chijapani.

Zida zamtundu wa Soviet

Zitsamba - zida za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, zomwe zasonyeza njira zatsopano zatsopano zothetsera nkhondo.

M'nkhondo zambiri mabanki ovomerezeka a Soviet T-34, kenako T-34-85, olemera KV-1 kenako KV-85, IS-1 ndi IS-2, komanso magulu odzipangira okha SU-85 ndi SU-152 .

Mapangidwe a t-34 achidwi omwe anawonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka 40s akudumphira kwambiri mu nyumba yomangamanga. Sitima iyi ili ndi zida zamphamvu, zida komanso kuyenda. Ponseponse, muzaka za nkhondo, iwo anapanga zidutswa zikwi 53,000. Magalimoto omenyana nawowa analowa nawo nkhondo zonse.

Poyankha magulu a asilikali a Germany omwe anali amphamvu kwambiri T-VI "Tiger" ndi TV "Panther" mu 1943 adakhazikitsidwa tank a Soviet T-34-85. Zis-S-53 zida zowombera zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo zopangidwa ndi mamita 1000 "Panthers" ndi mamita 500 - "Tiger".

Mosakayikira, matanthwe aakulu IS-2 ndi mayunitsi odzipangira okha SU-152 nayenso anavutika ndi "Tigers" ndi "Panthers" kumapeto kwa 1943. Kuchokera mu 1500 m sitima ya IS-2 inamenya zida zakutsogolo za "Panther" (110 mm) ndipo zinapyoza ziwalo zake. Mipira SU-152 ikhoza kuyendetsa nsanja kuchokera ku German heavyweights.

Sitima ya IS-2 inalandira mutu wa thanki lamphamvu kwambiri pa Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Ndege ndi Navy

Mmodzi mwa ndege zabwino kwambiri za m'nthawi imeneyo ndi Junkers Ju 87, Stuka, "B-17" yothamanga, "Bwalo la ndege la Soviet" la IL-2, la La-7 ndi la Yak-3 (USSR) lotchuka kwambiri, "Spitfire" "(England)," North American P-51 "" Mustang "(USA) ndi" Messerschmitt Bf 109 "(Germany).

Zombo zankhondo zankhondo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse zinali: Japanese "Yamato" ndi "Musashi", Chingerezi "Nelson", American "Iowa", German "Tirpitz", French "Richelieu" ndi Littorio ya Chiitaliya.

Masewera a zida. Lembani Zida Zowonongeka Kwambiri

Zida za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse zinagwedeza dziko lapansi ndi mphamvu zawo ndi nkhanza zawo. Chilolepheretsa kuwononga pafupifupi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu, zipangizo ndi zowonjezera zankhondo, kuti awononge mizinda yonse ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inabweretsa zida zowononga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makamaka zowononga kwa zaka zikudza zinali zida za nyukiliya.

Mpikisano wa zida, kukangana nthawi zonse m'mikangano, kusokoneza kwa amphamvu pazochitika za ena - zonsezi zingayambitse nkhondo yatsopano yolamulira dziko.