Wopanga makompyuta Herman Hollerith: biography ndi chithunzi

Mbiri ya computing inayamba ndi lingaliro la kulenga makina omwe angakhoze kuwerengera kapena kuwonjezera ziwerengero zonse zamatauni ochuluka. Chojambula choyamba cha chipangizo cha 13-bit chinapangidwa cha m'ma 1500 da Vinci. Chipangizo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa chinapangidwa ndi Pascal mu 1642. Ogwirizira otchukawa adayala maziko a kompyuta.

Kusintha

Kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito zamagwiritsidwe ntchito, kufunika sikuthamanga kwa aliyense wa iwo, koma komanso kusakhala mipata pakati pawo, momwe anthu amafunira nawo mbali. Ojambula ambiri otchuka ayesa kuthetsa vutoli. Zinali zofunikira kuti ntchitoyi ichitike motsatizana popanda kuima.

Kuyambirira kwa pulogalamuyi "potsatira"

Mbiri ya matekinoloje a pakompyuta imadziwa akatswiri ambiri asayansi omwe apereka chithandizo chokonzekera. Kotero, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80. M'zaka za zana la 19, adalangizidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito makadi a punch kuti ayambe kulembetsa pulogalamuyo ndikuyiyika mu chipangizochi. Wojambula awo anali Herman Hollerith. Mu sayansi ya sayansi, wasayansi uyu anapanga kusintha kwenikweni. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane zapangidwe zake.

Herman Hollerith: biography

Wasayansi anabadwa pa February 29, 1860 ku Buffalo. Iye anali mwana wachisanu ndi chiwiri. Bambo ake anasamuka ku Germany kupita ku United States mu 1848. Atatha kusamuka, Hollerith analowa sukuluyo, ndipo anachotsedwa mwamsanga. Monga lamulo, Herman anasiya kalasiyo asanayambe kalembedwe. Mphunzitsiyo adatseka chitseko, ndipo mnyamatayo adalumpha kuchokera pansi. Pambuyo pake, adathamangitsidwa kusukulu. Maphunziro ena Herman Hollerith analandira kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi a Lutheran. Ali ndi iye, adayambitsa masukulu achiwiri ndi apamwamba. Mu 16 adalowa mu koleji yodalirika "migodi". Komabe, mnyamatayu sanadandaule kwambiri ndi ntchito monga zamakono. Pamene anali kuphunzira ku Columbia College, anakumana ndi Trowbridge, amene patapita nthawi anam'thandiza. Kotero Herman Hollerith anabwera ku ofesi ya Statistics ku US Population Population.

Ntchito

Ali ndi zaka 19, Herman Hollerith anapita ku Washington, kumene anayamba ntchito yake. Anayamba kutenga nawo mbali pa gulu lonse la a Georgetown. Patapita kanthawi Hollerith amadziwa Billings. Wachiwiriyo anali katswiri wodziwa kufotokoza chiwerengero cha ziwerengero, choncho anagwira ntchito monga mtsogoleri wa zowerengera. Billings anauza Hollerith za lingaliro lake lopanga makina omwe angagwiritse ntchito makadi a punch kuti apange matebulo molingana ndi deta yolandira. Olemba osiyanasiyana amanena za mphamvu ziwiri za mkulu wa kayendedwe ka ntchito yopanga chipangizocho. Malingana ndi oyamba, Billings adapempha kugwiritsa ntchito makadi a punch ndi kufotokozera munthuyo mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro pamphepete mwawo ndi chipangizo chokonzekera. Malingana ndi kachiwiri kachiwiri, iye anangopereka kuti adzabwere ndi mtundu wina wa chipangizo.

Choyamba chochitika

Mu 1882 Herman Hollerith anaitanidwa ku a Institute of Massachusetts monga aphunzitsi. Anagwira ntchito chaka cha sukulu. Panthawiyi Hollerith anapanga malingaliro ake ndipo anagwira ntchito yopititsa patsogolo zipangizo zolemba zolemba ndi kulemba matebulo. Mu 1883, adabwerera ku Washington, kumene adayamba kugwira ntchito ku ofesi ya maofesi. Chidziwitso chomwe anapeza kumeneko chinali chothandiza kwa iye monga wopanga, ndipo anachigwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 1884, adalimbikitsa lingaliro la kukonzanso kayendedwe kake ka njinga. Apa ndikofunikira kunena za ndalama zomwe Herman Hollerith anali. Wolembayo amatha kupanga ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, koma adalibe ndalama zowonjezera. Pa nthawi yomweyo, sakanatha kutenga ndalama kwa aliyense.

Zobvomerezeka

Ku St. Louis, Herman Hollerith anasonkhanitsa mabaki a magetsi a sitimayi ndikuchita nawo mpikisano. Pazochitikazo, machitidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wozunzirako adayambitsidwa. Kutseka kwa magetsi kunadziwika kuti ndibwino kwambiri kwa asanu. Komabe, panali kukayikira za momwe ntchito yake ikugwiritsidwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwa mabingu. Pachifukwa ichi, dongosololi linakanidwa, ndipo mavotolo a mabeleka adakalipo mpaka nthawi yawo itatha. Kulongosola kumeneku kunali njira yowononga mapaipi achitsulo. Iye sanapezepo ntchito yake poyamba, koma kenako idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi General Motors pakupanga kugwirizana.

Herman Hollerith: tabulator

Pulogalamu yatsopanoyi, yolembedwa pa September 23, 1884, inakhala yofunikira kwambiri. Makina a Herman Hollerith anagwiritsidwa ntchito kulembetsa matebulo odziŵerengera za chiwerengero cha anthu akufa ku Baltimore mu 1887. Deta ya 1889 ku New York inagwiritsidwanso ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo ichi. Pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika zake zonse, Herman Hollerith adatsimikizira kuti makhadi otsekedwa ndi ofunika kwambiri pakupanga matebulo. Mu 1887, adapanga kukonzekera ku patent. Chifukwa cha ichi, ambiri ogwira ntchito zamalonda adachita mgwirizano ndi Hollerith pa chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa. Ndi chiwerengero cha anthu mu 1890, zidziwitso za nzika iliyonse zidatumizidwa makhadi 73/8 × 33/4. Komanso, kuperewera pamphepete mwa khalidwe lirilonse linachitidwa. Kona imodzi yokha idakonzedwera mosavuta pakukonzekera ndi kukonza. Opaleshoni yomalizira inkachitidwa poyera, chifukwa njira zina sizinapangidwe ndiye. Makina a Hollerith adasinthidwa molingana ndi chitsanzo. Chipangizocho chinathandiza ntchito ya opareshoni ndikuchepetsa nambala ya zolakwika.

Chofunika cha zipangizo

Kwa chipangizo chake Herman Hollerith anapanga makina opanga ndi mbale ya mphira wolimba ndi choyimira. Panali zipsyinjo mu mbale. Zimagwirizana ndi makonzedwe a zochitika pamapu. Mwa zina, iwo anali odzaza ndi mercury ndipo ankagwirizanitsa ndi matanthwe kumbuyo kwa mulanduwo. Pamwamba pa mbaleyo munali bokosi lokhala ndi mfundo zowunikira. Iwo anamasulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito akasupe. Khadi likayikidwa pamsewu, malo olankhulana nawo anali ogwirizana ndi mercury, ndipo deralo linatsekedwa. Izi, nayenso, zinayambitsa kampaniyo. Kusindikiza kwake kukhoza kulemba manambala mpaka zikwi khumi. Iye anasuntha ndi maginito kulandira chizindikiro kuchokera ku mercury depressions, ndi gulu limodzi. Nthaŵi ndi nthawi, deta yochokera ku tsambayo inkawerengedwa, ndipo zotsatira zonse zidasamutsidwa pamapu otsiriza.

Kulamulira mosamala

Kuonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, njira zingapo zinatengedwa:

1. Ngati chiwerengerochi chidachitidwa panthawi imodzi, khadi lirilonse likulembetsa. Kotero inu mukhoza kuyang'ana zotsatirayo powonjezera zizindikiro zapakatikati.
2. Pamene kulembetsa kuli koyenera, foni inapanga foni. Ngati iye salipo, kunali kofunikira kupeza ndi kukonza cholakwikacho.
3. Makhadi opangidwa ndi makina osindikizidwa okha ndi code, yomwe idakonzedweratu.
4. Makhadi a punch omwe anali a gulu lomwelo anali ndi dzenje lofala. Pothandizidwa ndi ndodo ya waya, kupezeka kwa makadi "akunja" kunawululidwa.

Mbiri ya dziko

Hollerita ankadziwa mitu yonseyi, koma mu 1890, anapeza bwino kwambiri. Iye adatha kulemba mgwirizano wa chiwerengero cha anthu khumi ndi chimodzi (11) pambuyo pochita mpikisano m'matauni 4 a St. Louis, omwe anali kunyumba kwa anthu opitirira zikwi khumi. Njira yopangidwa ndi Herman Hollerith inasiyana mofulumira kwambiri, komanso mofulumira kwambiri. Malingaliro akuti, wopanga anapulumutsa boma pafupifupi madola 600,000. Mu 1890, asayansi anatembenuka 30. Anapatsidwa digiti ya sayansi mufilosofi. Hollerith anamaliza ntchito yofunikira ndi US Census Bureau. Pakati pa September 1890 anakwatira mwana wa dokotala wake ku Washington. Pafupifupi mwamsanga pambuyo pa ukwati, Hollerith anapangana mgwirizano ndi boma la Austria kuti agwiritse ntchito chipangizo chake ku Central Bureau of Statistics. Kuyambira pamenepo, ntchito ya asayansi yadziko lonse inayamba. Pofika mu 1895, zipangizo zake sizigwira ntchito ku Austria, komanso ku Canada. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo zokambirana zinkachitika pa zipangizo zopititsira ku Russia ndi Italy.

Zaka zotsiriza za moyo

Herman Hollerith ankakonda kupatula nthawi ndi banja lake, akuchita ulimi, kugula magalimoto ndi nyumba zomanga. Muukwati, iye anali ndi ana atatu aakazi ndi ana omwewo. Mwamuna wodabwitsa uyu, yemwe adathandizira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ziŵerengero, anafa kunyumba kwake kuchokera ku matenda a mtima pa November 17, 1929. Anathetsa moyo wake mu ulemelero, akuzunguliridwa ndi anthu achikondi, mwachimwemwe, osadandaula ndi mwayi uliwonse wophonyezedwa. Mpaka masiku otsiriza, adadana malamulo onse a kalembedwe ndipo adalola kuti alembe njira yomwe adafunira.