Askold ndi Dir - akalonga lachinsinsi la Kiev

Mbiri ya Russia wakale amasunga zambiri zinsinsi ndi zinsinsi. Chimodzi cha zinsinsi izi - akalonga woyamba wa Kiev, amene timawadziwa monga Askold ndi Dir. Amene anali ndi chiyambi, kumene iwo anachokera, amene anali mnzake? Kapena mwina zinali nonse mmodzi?

Yesetsani kumvetsa Lembaninso Baibulo wamba, komanso zochitika zingapo zimene mungachite kuti kulola mbiri yakale, timakhulupirira kwenikweni.

Baibulo boma

Akukhulupirira kuti Askold ndi Dir poyamba anali Scandinavia - Russ, monga iwo anali kutchedwa. Iwo analibe ubwenzi ndi kulamulira kalonga Rurik, koma chabe 'anthu ake olemekezeka. " Pamene Rurik adakhala Novgorod, anayamba kugawira mzinda Russian wa anthu ake apamtima. Choncho Dir ndi Askold iye tiyeni tipite kummwera pofunafuna malo oyenera bungwelo. Anthu amene akutsikira pa Dnieper pansi, anaona mzinda wa ulemerero wa Kiev, kumene kudula moyo. Askold ndi Dir asankha kukhala kumeneko ndipo ananena kuti wolamulira.

Iwo ali okhulupirika kwa anthu, miyambo ndiponso chipembedzo. Msonkho kwa anachoka pa mlingo chomwecho. Komanso, ngati ankhondo aliyense kumpoto, iwo zimadziwika bwino zochita nkhondo ndi anafika limodzi ndi gulu zida zamphamvu. Choncho, anthu a Kiev anaganiza kupanduka ndipo mwakachetechete analandira olamulira awo latsopano.

Pafupifupi zaka 860-866 Askold ndi Dir mwachita wofuna nkhondo ndi Constantinople. Kuteteza mzinda wanu pa nkhondo Russes, ndi kulamulira Mfumu Michael III anaganiza kutsirizitsa nkhondo ndi Aluya, ndipo mwamsanga kumene likulu.

akalonga Kievan anabwera pansi makoma a Constantinople, kuwatsogolera ndi zombo chidwi ngalawa mazana awiri. Mwamsanga ndi bwinobwino anafunkha mzinda ndi kuzungulira mzindawo. Pa likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantium vuto loopsa kwenikweni kukagonjetsa. Ndiye Mfumu Michael ndi mabishopu, Photius anayamba kupemphera kwa Chitetezo cha likulu la dziko la chikristu. Mwadzidzidzi nyanja ananyamuka mkuntho choopsa chimene chinawononga anawononga zombo pankhondo Russes. Constantinople anapulumutsidwa motsogoleredwa ndi Mulungu.

Askold ndi Dir anakakamizika kunena pangano mtendere ndi Byzantium ndipo wasankha kubatizidwa mu Chikhristu.

Mu 879, anafa mu Novgorod kalonga Rurik, kusiya wolowa khanda mwana Igor ndi mtetezi wake - msuwani wake, amene amadziwika kuti Aulosi Oleg. Iye anaganiza mphamvu, osati pa kumpoto, komanso m'maiko oposa kum'mwera, kotero anasonkhana ku Asilavo ndi Scandinavia chidwi asilikali ndi kuyenda kulowera kum'mwera. Iye anamvera ndipo wakale Smolensk Ljubech. Posachedwa Oleg anadza Kiev.

Iye ankadziwa kuti akalonga Kievan ndi kumuwombera amphamvu, ndi adzatetezedwa kuti osaleka mphamvu. Choncho Aulosi Oleg anasankha kuti achite zinthu mwachinyengo. Iye anasiya waukulu asilikali ake omwe anabisalira, ndipo iye anadutsa yekha ngati wamalonda mtendere ndipo anapempha Askold ndi Dir kuti malonda zokambirana zawo. Anthu bwinobwino kupita ku msonkhano, koma iwo anali atazunguliridwa pa magombe a kumuwombera nkhondo. Malinga ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", Oleg anapita gwidwa ndi akalonga ndipo adalamulira iwo sali odziwika bwino mtundu ndi chinyengo kulamulira anthu. Kenako analoza kwa Igor pang'ono ndipo anati: "kalonga, mwana Rurik ayi!"

Askold ndi Dir anaphedwa nthawi yomweyo. Chimulu cha Dothi ndi mafupa a Askold akuyimabe pa phompho banki ya Dnieper, ndi makala Dir yaitali anapuma pafupi mpingo wa St. Irene.

Choncho Oleg anayamba kulamulira mu Kiev pa chifukwa cha Igor. Zinali iye amene analengeza Kiev mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia, likulu la mayiko Russian. Mu 882, nthawi yoyamba mayiko kumpoto ndi kum'mwera zinalumikizana pansi mkulu wina.

Izi ndi Baibulo boma la zochitika. Koma olemba mbiri zolowa zosiyanasiyana options zochokera tikayerekezera mbiri zosiyanasiyana ndi nthano.

mbiri options

Mwachitsanzo, pali kusagwirizana za chiyambi cha Askold ndi Dir. Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Askold anali Chisilavo ndi m'banja la Dir. Komabe, ena okha ochokera Deere Asilavo chiyambi ndi udindo wamng'ono, ndipo Askold mukukhulupirira wakunjayo ndi Voivod.

Ancient magwero Byzantine pofotokoza nkhondo Rousseau zaka 866 ndi omwe amatchedwa kalonga chimodzi chokha, n'zotheka kuti Askold ndi Dir - mmodzi yemweyo, Scandinavia Askold dzina Dir. Kumasulira kwa Old chinenero Norse Deere amatanthauza "Chirombo", chomwe chingathe kukhala dzina, mutu.

Koma ngati molimba kuwachitira anthu awiri osiyana, n'zomveka ndithu kuganiza kuti Askold ndi Dir analamulira panthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndi nthano ya makedzana Zaka chongopeka amaphatikiza ndi co-olamulira. Mbiri akhoza kuphatikiza iwo mwachidziwikire monga mafumu awiri apathengo. Azambiriyakale zodabwitsa chakuti akalonga awiri amene anaphedwa pa nthawi yomweyo, monga mwa malembo, naikidwa madera akutali Chrixitu. A Nkhani ioachim limanena kuti Oleg atapha mmodzi yekha kalonga - Askold ndi Dir, kumene dzina la sanatchulidwepo.

Ngati ife tikufanizira magwero angapo mbiri, n'zoonekeratu kwambiri kuti Deere anali wolamulira woyamba wa Kiev nakhala chiyambi ndi cha m'ma 9, ndipo Askold m'malo ake ndipo knyazhestvoval mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 9.

Monga momwe taonera, mu mbiriyakale ya Kievan akalonga mavuto ambiri osadziŵika omwe adzatsekeredwa chobisika kwa mbiri yathu yaitali. ife kumasulira iwo tsiku lina?