Swedish Koroleva Kristina: yonena, chidwi mfundo

Wambiri ya Mfumukazi Christina ya Sweden (1626-1689), amene analamulira dziko kwa 1644 kwa zaka 1654, wakhala ndi kukhala mmodzi wa ambiri ikunenedwa mu tsiku lathu. m'nthawi ambiri ndi mbiri yakale kuuika ngati chitsanzo mtsogoleri, wokondedwa ndi anthu, zilibe ataya moyo wake pa guwa la amchigulu.

Koroleva Kristina Sweden - mmodzi wa akazi a moyo wake amene amadziwika ndi bwalo lonse la anthu, ndi za ena palibe deta yolondola kwambiri. Chifukwa cha - mfundo zambiri za mbiri yake tikhale zopeka ndi mbiri.

Kubadwa kwa Mfumukazi tsogolo

Anabadwa tsogolo Koroleva Kristina Sweden December 18, 1626 (New kalendala). Makolo ake anali Mfumu Gustav II Adolf ndi Brandenburg Mfumukazi Maria Eleonora, pa mimba ndi zizindikiro zonse, zinkadziwika madokotala ananena kuti kubadwa kwa mwana wake - wolowa tsogolo ufumu. Chomwecho monga mawu amodzi, anati ambiri alauli ndi olosera, anavomereza kuti bwalo.

Ngakhale yomweyo pambuyo ogwira kubadwa, powona mwana wongobadwa kumene adagwira mwanayo. Apa akuyamba woyamba ndi kusiyana mu mbiri yake ya Christina. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, mapeto anapangidwa chifukwa chakuti mwana unali waukulu kwambiri. Ena amaganiza kuti mawu modabwitsa mokweza, kuti chinaoneka chizindikiro cha thanzi ndi champhamvu mnyamatayo. magwero Chachitatu zikusonyeza kuti mwana wakhanda wabadwa ndi zambiri tsitsi, chomwenso ndi kutanthauziridwa mu mtima wa mwamuna. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma Mfumu Gustav anauzidwa za kubadwa kwa wolowa mnyamatayu, iye akulakalaka ndi mfumukazi.

Pamene zinadziwika kugonana weniweni wa mwanayo, mfumu mosamala kuti pambuyo mtsikana onse anabadwa. Koma ngakhale mantha onse, mfumu anatenga uthenga chisomo, ndipo pamene ndinaona koyamba mwana, ananena kuti pamene iye anali pa kubadwa ananyenga lonse yachifumu, ndiye m'tsogolo chofunika kudikira zinthu zazikulu.

Zaka zoyambirira za moyo

Swedish Koroleva Kristina, mbiri yomwe inayamba chotero wamatama, anali mwana wa mmodzi wa mafumu ambiri ophunzira a m'nthawi yake. Iye anaukitsa mwana mogwirizana ndi maganizo ake pa zimene ayenera kukhala wolamulira weniweni. Zinali m'malo ake kwa Gustaf wachifumu taonera, zimene ndi anauza nduna zake ndi nkhani - ngati sadzakhala ndi olowa wamwamuna, kumakhaladi mfumukazi Christina. Asilikali a Sweden analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika ake, pamene Christina chaka chimodzi chokha.

maphunziro koyamba ntchito panokha Gustav, amene Mfumukazi Maria Eleonora, amene kwambiri ankamuyembekezera mwana, anali chabe wokondwa. Apa amatsatira yonena njakata akuwonekera. Monga mwana, Koroleva Kristina Sweden analandira kuvulala angapo, chifukwa chimene limodzi anali kuposa ena, ndi kuyenda anawonetsedwa ndi limp noticeable.

Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, uyu anali ndi vuto Mfumukazi, amene sali bwino kusamala mwanayo akali sanachite maphunziro a atsikana mfumu ... Baibulo lina limanena kuti chinathandiza Bambo, yemwe anali Christina zonse naye, koma osati analipira mamvedwe ndipo pamene mwana zingachitikenso, chifukwa mu kuvulala anakhalabe uncured ndipo anasiya chizindikiro cha moyo.

Childhood ndi maphunziro a Mfumukazi ya

History zambiri imakhala ngozi - mbadwa mwina sadziwa dzina ili, monga Mfumukazi Christina ya Sweden. Wambiri atsikana koyamba kukhota lakuthwa pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake - mu 1832 Gustav kuphedwa limodzi la nkhondo ya zaka makumi atatu nkhondo, ndipo sakupereka boma adzakhale wamwamuna. Mfumukazi Maria Eleonora sanali chidwi amchigulu, kotero Swedish Senate anagwirizana ankafuna kuchita chifuniro cha atate Christina ndi mtsikana anatsimikizira mutu wa boma, kulamulira kuti isanafike kukhwima adzakhala regent Graf Aksel Oksinshtern. Monga Unikirani, anali kwa Christina Mwachitsanzo mu zinthu zonse, kuchita maere Mfumukazi wamng'ono aphunzira bwino.

Ali woyenera mwana wamkazi wa bambo ake, wolowa pang'ono ufumu kuyambira ubwana anadabwa m'nthawi ndi omasuka ndi amene ndi kudziwa latsopano. zilankhulo, zojambulajambula, sayansi ndi mbiri - onse anapatsidwa mtsikana mosavuta. Kale mu zaka 12 iye akanakhoza kunena mau moto mu Latin, ndi sayansi nawo iwo yekha Mnazareti Dekart, amene ananena kuti Swedish Koroleva Kristina - wodziwika kwambiri, ndipo anakhala ndi Elizabeti mpaka imfa yake.

Imfa ya wasayansi wamkulu amamuonera mphekesera. Baibulo boma ndi anamwalira ndi chibayo chifukwa cha nyengo nkhanza kumpoto, koma pali nkhambakamwa kuti iye chiphe, monga ena ogwira adawopa kukopa kwake pa mfumukazi yatsopano.

Khalidwe la wolamulirayo

Kuti Amowabu m'nthawi bwino kwambiri zilankhulo, mbiri, ndale, wophunzirayo ndi maphunziro amafuna ndende zina, kudzipereka ndi chikondi chenicheni kwa Kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano. makhalidwe onsewa anali Christina zambiri, koma ena kuposa maganizo apamwamba, mtsikana anakulira wina ndi anabzala ambiri mibadwo msana wa magazi achifumu, maganizo kuweruza zenizeni ndi ufulu kuchita monga iye wasankha. Atate anamuitana iye yekha ngati "mfumu" (mmalo mwa "Mfumukazi"). Pamene mtsikana anakulira, ndiye kusintha kamodzi chisankho akhoza kupanga yekha mlandu amphamvu kwambiri.

A kuganiza kwambiri pa mapangidwe Christine dzikoli kudziwana ndi yonena za Elizabeth I - Mfumukazi ya England ndi Ireland mu zaka 1558-1603, yemwe anali woyang'anira wa zaluso ndi sayansi ndipo amakumbukira zochita zake kuti katundu okha ndi malonjezo, ndi chirichonse chomwe chinali ndi amuna. Monga kwenikweni, palibe amene amadziwa, koma mwalamulo, onse Mfumukazi anali asanamvepo anakwatira ndipo anasiya ana.

Regent la Sweden, Oksishtern Zithunzi kuyambira ali anayamba kukonzekera inalowa Christina pa mpando wachifumu, kulankhulana ndi pa nkhani pagulu. Mfumukazi m'tsogolo kwambiri anasonyeza chidwi nkhani zimenezi, ndipo pa makalata ake, tinganene kuti nkhani ya kale bwino zokwanira mu zaka khumi.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa

Ngakhale pamaso pa coronation wa Koroleva Kristina Sweden nawo mbali pa moyo wa boma. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zapadera, kale ndi zaka 16 cha chilolezo chake Senate msonkhano, kumene nthawi zambiri wapangadi furor mawu ake, malingaliro ndi maganizo pa mfundo yachilendo ndi zoweta.

Pamene 1644 iye anali 18, ngakhale kuti pamaso pa coronation ofunda kudikira zaka zingapo, seneti watero anthu a msinkhu wololedwa Christina, ndipo de A facto wobwezera akulamulira yekha ufumu.

Kubwera zopangira pafupifupi sanasinthe cholinga, amene Pamilunguyo Koroleva Kristina Sweden - mfundo zosangalatsa ndi moyo, mosamalitsa kutchulidwa Maulendo a m'nthawi, nkuti, mwachitsanzo, kuti iye anadzuka 5 am ndi zambiri inalamula chomwecho kwa mphunzitsi wake - Mnazareti Dekarta. nthawi unagawidwa pakati pa zochitika onse ndiponso kudziletsa chitukuko, ndi make njuchi pafupipafupi samapereka tcheru kuti misonkhano. Kuwonjezera apo, nthawi zambiri ankavala zovala zachimuna, poganiza kuti apeze bwino. Ojambula zithunzi angakhoze kujambula zovala aliyense, koma ngati paparazzi analipo pa nthawi imene iye anali Swedish Koroleva Kristina, chithunzi akhoza bwino mumpanda pa diresi yake inki Madontho, amene anali mkulu wamba.

Kukana ukwati

Pambuyo akakula, pokumbukira imfa yosayembekezereka ya Gustav, seneti akumufunsira wolamulira wake kuti akwatire, kupereka boma wolowa nyumba. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti ndi imodzi mwa ntchito ya membala wotsiriza ufumu wa kulamulira wa Vasa, amene anali Christina, Mfumukazi ya Sweden. M'ma 17 anali ndiwofatsa mu nkhani imeneyi, koma ngakhale zonse, monga fano lake, Elizabeth I, Christina analengeza kuti iye konse kukwatiwa ndi kubereka ana. chigamulochi anabwera monga mantha onse pa Sweden - kuchokera wamba kuti otchuka, osati akufuna kulanda mphamvu mu manja "cholakwika". Anayesera kuti kusintha maganizo a Mfumukazi - ndi Riksdag anali kufunafuna suitors, iye ali zonse anakana. Chimodzi mwa magulu ambiri ankaoneka kuti angwiro - msuweni wa Mfumukazi a Carl-Gustav Komanso, kalonga unakhazikitsidwa (kumene, osati zisanu ndi ziwiri, monga iye Christina, koma zilankhulo zitatu yachilendo adadziwa), okongola ndi kugwa m'chikondi ndi Christine atakumana . The chifukwa Komabe, pali anali yemweyo - kusiya mfumukazi anakana, koma kuperekedwa kwa munthu akhale wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu iye.

Wokonda Carl-Gustav, amene panthawiyo anali ndi zaka 27, anakana, nanena kuti iye safuna korona Swedish ndi dzanja la mfumukazi.

Mu ulamuliro

Kuti achotse Prince tikamaganizira za m'banja, lomwe analimbikira ndi Riksdag, Cristina amatumiza Karl-Gustav mu Germany, kumene anakhala zaka 3 monga Mtsogoleri wa asilikali Swedish. Mwamwayi, kulekana yaitali analibe mphamvu pa maganizo ake - kalonga sanali kumbuyo uko ndipo anapitiriza kunena pa ukwati. Mfumukazi Gawo limeneli, komanso sanasinthe maganizo - ndipo izo zinafika motsatizana - posachedwa iye anali mu mabukhu Senate kuti Carl-Gustav anaikidwa m'malo ufumu.

Kukhumudwa maganizo awo, kalonga kumanzere bwalo, anapita ku chilumba cha Öland, zomwe walonjeza kudikira msuweni wanga sadzasintha maganizo ake kwa izo. Tinali kuyembekezera ndithu nthawi yaitali, monga Swedish Koroleva Kristina wa iye nkomwe - woyamba, anali odzipereka ndi kukonzekera kwa coronation (unachitikira mu 1650), ndiyeno make njuchi anatenga ntchito.

The mfundo yachilendo ya Cristina makamaka zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha mapeto a zaka makumi atatu nkhondo, amene anapha bambo ake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Chatenga kosiyana popenyana ndi ulemu wakeyo Earl Oksishternu malo, amene ankakhulupirira kuti kupitiriza Nkhondo opindulitsa Sweden. Mosiyana ndi izi, mfumukazi akutumiza German mtendere msonkhano nthumwi zake, ndi pangano mtendere anasaina. Pankhaniyi, mbiri yakale komanso m'nthawi kuvomereza kuti zikhalidwe zake zinali modabwitsa nyengo Sweden - kupatula kuti iye anakhalabe m'madera azikhala (West Pomerania, Bremen, Verden, City a Wismar), mu pangano mtendere linalembedwa kuti wodziwitsidwa indemnity kuchuluka kwa miliyoni 5 talers.

Kuwonjezera ulamuliro wa ntchito ya usilikali, Christina chinachititsa kuti chikhalidwe - ngati anabwera nthawi golide kwa ojambula.

Chakuti mpandowachifumu

Mu 1654 panali n'kale lonse chochitika - June 6 pa msonkhano wa Riksdag ya Sweden Koroleva Kristina limanena kuti losaiwalika abdication. Iye anati sakufuna kuti atsogolere boma moyo ndi anayamba ulendo kuona akutali, ndipo m'malo mwake, monga momwe anali kuyembekezera, anasiya msuwani wa mfumu, Karl Gustav.

Monga momwe zonse anati izo zinali zoona, ndipo tsopano ife tikhoza ndikulingalira, koma umboni mozungulira zikusonyeza kuti si zonse anali yosalala, monga afotokozera mu Baibulo boma. wolowa mpando wachifumu, "anaika" kale abdication, kuwonjezera, diso loipa msanga coronation wa mfumu yatsopano unachitikira (Carl-Gustaf anadziwika monga Korol Karlom X) - izo unachitikira mu tsiku lomwelo ngati Kuwonjezera ofesi Christine.

Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti Riksdag amaumiriza mfumukazi kuyesa kukakamiza ake kukwatiwa ndi kubereka wolowa nyumba, koma ndi nkhani zambiri, udindo wa mkazi ndi amake Cristina pafupifupi mantha kupewa moyo wake onse. Zikuoneka kuti kamodzi funso anaikidwa mwachuchuchu - kukwatira kapena zimatulutsa wachifumu, kotero Christina wapeza njira lachitatu, chifukwa atakwatirana, Carl zikanakhoza anakhala mfumu, ndipo iye naye inasanduka mkazi ndi mayi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngati sizinatero ndi ana, kenako zochitika anali pa aliyense ... Mwa njira, zofanana chinachitika - mfumu yatsopano, ngakhale anali "chikondi" kwa Christina, anapereka wolandira dziko pasanapite nthawi, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - pa nthawi, chifukwa ndidawathira chimfine ndipo anafa zaka 5. Kachiwiri, mwana akukhala mfumu (tsopano zinayi), ndipo kwa zaka ambiri Ndipotu dziko wolamulira wake ndi Riksdag.

A moyo kudziko lina

Italy anali dziko loyamba, komwe ankakhala pambuyo abdication wa tsopano kale Swedish Koroleva Kristina. Chidwi zokhudza mbiri ake sanali mapeto a kulephera mphamvu, ndi moyo watsopano kwa dona eccentric unayamba ndi kusintha kwa Chikatolika (amaganizira miyambo ya nthawi, izo zinali zambiri zazikulu kuposa ulendo Italy yokha mahatchi ndi atavala monga munthu). Zikomo chipembedzo chatsopano, Christina (by njira, ndi ubatizo watsopano, iye analandira dzina la August) ku Italy bwino analandira Papa yekha, koma patapita kanthawi "anafunsa" iye mu dziko, monga mfumukazi kale ikutchedwa ndi nihilist an'kanthunthumira - ankakhala, napeputsa ndi aliyense wa malamulo inu anautsa Aroma kutsutsana naye.

Dziko otsatira pamene kutumiza Kristina, France wakhala yodziwika makhalidwe otayirira. Apa, Mfumukazi woyamba komanso akutchedwa kuposa m'njira zosafunikira - kusintha pafupipafupi okonda, ubwenzi pafupi ndi akazi ena, ndi kupha (koma osati ndi manja ake, ndipo patapita pafupi). Komabe, ndi yamasika zonse bwino - ngakhale mu masiku amenewo, mfumukazi woyamba anali ndi ufulu chilango khoti ndi chikhululukiro cha anthu ake, kotero zonse wakhala anakonza ngati Kukwanilitsa chiganizocho (ngakhale kuti umboni wakuti zinachitikadi ena kufufuza). Koma mfundo ndi yakuti - ndi Marquis wa Monaldeschi, malinga ndi mbiri, munthu wokonda wakale Christine, anavutika ndi malupanga, ndipo iye anabwerera ku Italy.

Kuyesera kupeza mpando wachifumu ndi zaka lomaliza

Mu 1660 iye anafa wolowa mfumukazi wakale - Charles X anasiya mwana. Kachiwiri, inu mukhoza kuganizira zifukwa kukana Christina, kuchokera kumpando wachifumu, atamva uthengawo dziko lawo, nthawi yomweyo amapita ku dziko lakwawo, kumene zofuna kubwerera ku mpando wachifumu wake. Koma Riksdag akukana, kuyambira Christina Augusta tsopano ndi chipembedzo china, ndi wolowa nyumba a Sweden tsopano, ndipo chotero (monga mfumukazi wakale wa nkhani n'zokayikitsa ingathetsedwe).

Pambuyo akudzudzula Senate zaka otsiriza woyambawo Mfumukazi Christina ya Sweden (1626-1689) zinachitika mu Italy, ndi chete ndithu. Zili ku mapeto a masiku ake, ankalimbikitsa oimba, olemba ndakatulo ndi ojambula zithunzi. Christina anafa Augustus April 19, 1689 ndipo anali mmodzi wa akazi atatu m'manda ku tchalitchi Roma St. Petro.