Kugalukira decembrists (mwachidule). History of Russia. Zotsatira za Decembrists kugalukira

Kodi mungathe kutiuza za kupanduka kwa Decembrists mwachidule? Zokhumba wazunguliridwa ndi zochitika zambiri ndi amakhala ndi zina zabwino zambiri zimene iye kuthera mabuku lonse. Icho chinali choyamba bungwe Zionetsero ndi serfdom mu Russia, anachititsa chipwirikiti chachikulu komanso ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa moyo zandale ndiponso chi anatsata ulamuliro wa Mfumu Nicholas I. Ndipo komabe, nkhaniyi kuyesa kuyeretsa kugalukira Decembrists mwachidule.

zambiri

December 14, 1825 ku likulu la Russian Ufumu - St. Petersburg - panali ankafuna kulanda boma. Kugalukira bungwe ndi gulu la amaganizo amodzi olemekezeka, ambiri a iwo anali alonda a alonda. Cholinga cha achiwembuwo panali chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a autocracy. Tikumbukenso kuti zolinga chiwembu anali zimasiyana conspiracies ena onse nyengo coups yachifumu.

chipulumutso Union

Nkhondo ya 1812 anali pa mbali zonse za miyoyo ya anthu wokondwa kwambiri. Panali ziyembekezo kusintha zotheka, makamaka - chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Koma kuthetsa serfdom, kunali koyenera kuchepetsa oyendetsera dziko monarchical mphamvu. History of Russia nthawi imeneyi zinali zodzaza ndi chilengedwe cha gulu pa maganizo alonda maziko madera Alonda otchedwa cooperatives. Awiri a cooperatives izi unapangidwa chiyambi cha 1816 Union Chipulumutso. Mlengi wake anali Muravev dzina lake Aleksandr, mamembala anthu anali Muravev Nikita, Trubetskoy SERGEY, Iakushkin Ivan, kenako anagwirizana ndi Pestel Pavel. Zolinga za Union anali kumasulidwa kwa osawuka ndi kusintha zakayendesedwe ka boma. Pestel mu 1817 analemba hayala wa bungwe, ambiri ophunzira anali mu manyumba ogona Masonic, chifukwa chikoka cha kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons bwanji miyambo pa moyo wa Union. Kusagwirizana pakati m'gulu la pa kuthekera kupha mfumu pa zokhumba zinali chifukwa chakuti mu chaka cha 1817 Union anali kusungunuka.

moyo Union

Kumayambiriro a 1818, Mgwirizano wa moyo unapangidwa bungwe ku Moscow - anthu atsopano chinsinsi. Iwo unali ndi anthu mazana awiri, nkhawa za mfundo kupanga mwapang'onopang'ono maganizo a anthu, kulenga gulu owolowa manja. Kuchita izi, izo anakonza bungwe malamulo lachifundo, zolembalemba, ndi maphunziro mabungwe. Idamangidwa oposa khumi anagwirizana mabungwe kudutsa dziko, kuphatikizapo St. Petersburg, Kishinev, Tulchin, Smolensk ndiponso mizinda ina. Kupangidwa ngati "mbali" bungwe Mwachitsanzo, gulu Nikity Vsevolzhskogo, "Green kuwala". mamembala Union akhala kukhala wochitachita mu moyo wapoyera, kuyesera maudindo mkulu wa asilikali ndi boma mabungwe. The zikuchokera anthu nthawi zonse zinasintha: gulu loyamba kuyamba banja ndi unachoka zandale, iwo anali m'malo ndi atsopano. Mu January 1821, kwa masiku atatu Moscow ndinkakhala nalo ndi Congress wa Union of kutukuka chifukwa kumbali mikangano ya mafunde lochepa kwakukulu. ntchito Congress kutsogoleredwa ndi Mikhail Fonvizin Nikolai Turgenev. Anapeza kuti scammers kukafufuza za kukhalako Boma la Union, ndipo anaganiza yokhala kuyimisa nchito nyumbayi. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti amuchotsepo anthu amene anapita ku mudzi mwa ngozi.

ziŵalo

The yanyumba ya Union of moyo linali lofunika mu ziŵalo lapansi. Pali mtundu watsopano: Kumpoto (mu St. Petersburg) ndi South (mu Ukraine). A mbali yaikulu ya Kumpoto Society ankaimba Trubetskoy SERGEY, Muravev Nikita, kenako - Ryleev Kondraty, wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka, kumenyana Republicans amasonkhana momuzungulira Iye. Mutu wa bungwe anali Pestel, Pavel, anatenga asilikari mbali kusamala Naryshkin Mihail, Gorstkin Ivan Ofisala panyanja ndi Chizhov Nikolay Bodisko abale, Mikhail ndi Boris. The Kumwera Society nawo Krjukovoj abale (Nicholas ndi Alexandra) ndi abale Bobrischevy-Pushkin Pavel ndi Nikolay Cherkasov Alexey, Avramov Ivan, Liharev Vladimir Kireev Ivan.

zochitika maziko a December 1825

chaka chino ndi kugalukira wa Decembrists. Achiwembuwo anaganiza vuto malamulo kuti zachitika padziko ufulu wachifumu atamwalira Alexander I. Panali chikalata, chimene Constantine Pavlovich, m'bale wa wopanda mwana Alexander Ine, lotsatira mkulu kumbuyo kwa iye anakana wachifumu. Choncho, m'bale lotsatira, Nikolai Pavlovich, ngakhale iye anali m'gulu la asilikali malamulo osankhika, kwambiri osatchuka, anali ndi mwayi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale pamaso pa chikalata chinsinsi linatsegulidwa, Nicholas mofulumira kuzisiya Constantine kumanja kwa mpando wachifumu pozunzidwa mwankhanza a M. Miloradovich wolamulira wamkulu wa St. Petersburg.

Kusintha mphamvu

November 27, 1825 History of Russia anayamba wozungulira watsopano - yokhala Wolamulira watsopano, Constantine. Ndi chifaniziro chake ngakhale ndalama zochepa kupangidwa. Komabe, Constantine mwalamulo wachifumu anayesa, koma kodi ayi. Iwo amalenga yomangika kwambiri ndi osokoneza malo interregnum. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anaganiza Iyeyekha Mfumu Nicholas. Anaikidwa lumbiro pa December 14. Potsiriza unadza kusintha kwa boma - mphindi kuti wakhala akuyembekezera mamembala a magulu chinsinsi. Anaganiza kuyamba kupanduka wa Decembrists.

December 14 kugalukira anali zotsatira chakuti chifukwa cha usiku wautali wa msonkhano pa usiku wa 13 mpaka 14, Senate koma anavomereza woyenera wachifumu wa Nicholas. Decembrists anaganiza kuteteza Senate ndi asilikali kuti mfumu yatsopano a lumbiro. Kuchedwa kunali kosatheka, makamaka chifukwa mtumiki akunama pa tebulo kuti nambala yaikulu chidzudzulo ndi kumangidwa kuyamba posachedwa.

Mbiri ya Decembrists kugalukira

achiwembuwo anakonza kutenga Petro ndi Paulo Linga ndi Zima Palace, kumangidwa kwa banja lachifumu ndipo ngati pali zochitika zina, kupha. Kutsogolera kugalukira, anasankhidwa Sergei Troubetzkoy. Komanso Decembrists inafunika Senate anatulutsa Ndondomeko dziko akulengeza chiwonongeko cha ulamuliro akale komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la wogwirizira. Mamembala a boma latsopano chosintha amayenera kuchita Mordvinova asilikali ndi Werengerani Speransky. Pa ziwanga anatumizidwa ntchito kuvomereza malamulo - lamulo latsopano zofunika. Mu nkhani ngati Senate anakana kulengeza Ndondomeko dziko munali zinthu chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, Kuyanjana pakathi pa onse pamaso pa lamulo, kumasulika demokalase kumayambiriro kuvomerezedwa kwa magulu onse a usilikali, kumayambiriro mayesero ndi loweruza, chisankho cha alonda, chiyembekezo chakuti a msonkho kafukufuku , etc., anaganiza kuti iye kutero ndi mphamvu.

Ndiye izo anakonza lachiweruzo Cathedral otchuka, amene akhoza kuthetsa vuto kusankha mtundu wa boma: Republic kapena ndi mafumu malamulo. Ngati mawonekedwe Republican, banja lachifumu ankayenera kuti anatumiza wa dziko anasankhidwa. Ryleev woyamba analola kutumiza Nicholas kuti Fort Ross, koma ndiye iwo Pestel pakati pa kuphedwa kwa Nicholas ndipo mwina Tsesarevicha Aleksandra.

December 14 - kupanduka wa Decembrists

Mwachidule, longosolani zomwe zinachitika pa tsiku la kuyesa kulanda boma. M'mawa Ryleev Kakhovsky analankhula pempho kulowa Zima Palace ndi kupha Nicholas. Iye poyamba anavomera koma ndiye anakana. Ndi khumi m'mawa pa nyumba ya Senate Square anali kudzipatula Moscow alonda, Grenadiers, oyendetsa alonda m'madzi adalira. Total - zikwi zitatu anthu. Komabe, masiku pang'ono kugalukira wa Decembrists mu 1825, Nicholas zolinga mamembala a Poro anachenjeza decembrist Rostovtsev, kuganizira kugalukira wosayenerera otchuka ulemu, ndi Chief ya General Wogwila Dibich. senators kale pa asanu anabweretsa Nicholas lumbiro ndipo analengeza iye mfumu. Troubetzkoy, anamuika mutu wa kupanduka, sanawonekere pa lalikulu. Maalumali pa Senate anapitiriza kuima ndi dikirani, pamene achiwembuwo kubwera ndi kugwirizana pa poika mtsogoleri watsopano.

imagogomeza zochitika

Pa tsiku ili, mbiri anapangidwa mu Russia. Werengerani Miloradovich, anaonekera patsogolo pa asilikali pa kavalo, adayamba kunena kuti ngati Constantine anakana kuti akhale mfumu, izo ziribe kanthu kuti chichitidwe. Linatulutsidwa pa kagulu ka zigawenga analimbikitsa Obolensky Miloradovich galimoto, ndipo kenako, poona kuti alibe anatani mopepuka anavulazidwa kumbali ya mpeni wake. Kakhovsky nthawi imeneyi kuwomberedwa mu kuwerengedwa ndi mfuti. Duke Mikhail Pavlovich ndi msilikali Styurler anayesera kubweretsa ku kumvera asilikali, koma ziwembu zonse analephera. Komabe, opandukawo kawiri atathamangitsidwa nkhondo ya Hatchi, zimene zinachititsa Alexei Orlov.

Kudera anasonkhana zikwizikwi anthu a St. Petersburg, iwo chifundo ndi zigawenga ndi adaponyamo Nicholas ndi retinue miyala wake ndi zipika. Chifukwa, tinapanga awiri "mphete" wa anthu. Mmodzi anali atazunguliridwa ndi opanduka, ndipo wapangidwa ndi anthu amene anapita kale, ndi zina anapanga anthu amene anabwera mochedwa, gendarmes Kudera salinso analola, kotero anthu anaimirira kuseri kwa Decembrists wazunguliridwa ndi asilikali a boma. chilengedwe anaberekera tsoka Nicholas, amene amakayikira mu kupambana kwake, anaganiza kuti akonze a anthu okonza m'banja lachifumu mu nkhani muyenera kuthawa Tsarskoye Selo.

mphamvu wosiyana

The watsopano zopangidwa Mfumu anazindikira kuti zotsatira za Decembrists kupanduka sangakhale mu mtima wake, kotero ine ndinamufunsa Eugene metropolitans ndi Seraphim Kudandaula asilikali ndi pempho adzatulukemo. Izo si kunathandiza, ndi nkhawa itakula Nicholas. Komabe, iye anatha kuchitapo kanthu, pamene opandukawo anasankha mtsogoleri watsopano (anaikidwa Prince Obolensky). asilikali boma chiwerengero maulendo anayi opambana wa asilikali a Decembrists: naini zikwi bayonets wa oyenda anasonkhana, zikwi zitatu apakavalo sabers, kenako wotchedwa gunners (makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi mfuti), okwana - za zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri anthu. The zigawenga monga taonera kale, panali zikwi zitatu.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Decembrists

Pamene kuchokera Admiralty Boulevard ankaoneka alonda zida zankhondo, Nicholas analamula kuti ananyoza buckshot pa "chigulu", ali pamtenje wa nyumba ya Senate ndi nyumba oyandikana. Decembrists anayankha mfuti moto kenako matalala a shrapnel anathawa. Iwo anapitirizabe kulira kwa, asilikali anathamangira kumtunda ayezi wa Neva ndi cholinga kusuntha Vasilevsky Island. Pa Neva ayezi Bestuzhev anayesa kukhazikitsa dongosolo la nkhondo ndiyeno nkumapitirira tingalimbanirane. asilikali alimbane, koma anachotsedwa kwa mfuti maso. Ayezi losweka, anthu zidamira. Anakonza wolephera, m'misewu ndi m'mabwalo a usiku anthu ambirimbiri amene amwalira.

Kumangidwa ndiponso mayesero

Mafunso za chaka chimene Decembrists kuwukirana kunachitika ndi mmene itatha, ndithudi kuyankha lero, osati ambiri. Komabe, mwambo umenewu kunathandiza kwambiri pa mbiri wotsatira wa Russia. Tanthauzo la chiwembu la Decembrists 'sayenera saganizira - ali woyamba mu ufumuwo analenga gulu chosintha, ife apanga mapulogalamu a ndale, kukonzekera ndi kukhazikitsa zipolowe zida. Pa nthawi yomweyo opandukawo anali asanakonzekere mayesero amene anatsatira kugalukira. Ena mwa iwo pambuyo pa mlandu wa anaphedwa mwa kupachikidwa (Ryleeva Pestel, Kakhovka ndi ena), ndi ena ku Siberia ndi malo ena. Mu kugawanika anthu: ena anathandiza mfumu, ena - ndi boma analephera. Ndipo opulumuka okha boma anagonjetsedwa, womangidwa, akapolo, ankakhala kwambiri kusauka kwa maganizo.

pomaliza

Za kuti, kodi Decembrists kupanduka anali mwachidule m'nkhani. Iwo anali ndi cholinga chimodzi - kachitidwe chosintha ndi autocracy ndi serfdom mu Russia. Pakuti anthu wachinyamata ndiponso wachangu, asilikali apadera a nzeru zapamwamba ndi chuma, otchuka anzeru anayesa kulanda boma anali mayeso: wina anasonyeza dzanja lamphamvu, munthu ofooka, wina anasonyeza olimba mtima, wodzipereka, munthu anayamba chilichonse, sakanakhoza kupulumutsa mayendedwe, anabwerera.

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri ya Decembrists kupanduka ndi kuti maziko a mwambo chosintha. ntchito yawo chinali chiyambi cha pofuna kukwaniritsa kumasulidwa kwa ganizo ang'onoang'ono Russia.