Nkhondo makumi asanu ndi atatu '

Mu historiography ano amadziwika ngati zaka eyite nkhondo makumi asanu ndi atatu nkhondo ya zaka (1568 - 1648) - nkhondo ziwiri Zigawo (mgwirizano patokha limati Mayiko Low) ufulu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya, Ufumu wa Spain pansi Mfumu Philip II.

Ife sindikuyankhula za nkhondo yaitali. Kwa zaka 80, iye anaonekera mu zolakwa zambiri munthu aliyense ali Mipikisano chaka osayanjanitsika (mu zaka 1609 -1621). Pomenyera ufulu zinachititsa kuti kulekana kwa North ndi South wa Netherlands ndi mapangidwe a Republic la United Zigawo za Netherlands.

Maganizo ambiri amaona kuti zaka eyite 'nkhondo inayamba ndi looting wa mipingo ndi convents mu 1566.

Zimayambitsa chiwembu chifukwa cha zinthu osauka chuma anthu, misonkho mkulu, kupondereza chipembedzo chatsopano Calvinist.

Anawononga ubale pakati pa Akatolika ndi mfumu pa dzanja limodzi, pa zina dzanja Achikalvini ndi olemekezeka amakhumudwa amene ankafuna ufulu kulambira, zinachititsa kupanduka. Mtsogoleri wa Achikalvini anakhala Vilgelm Ine Oransky.

Kupondereza kupanduka, Philip anatumiza kwa Mayiko Low wa bwanamkubwa, Fernando ALVAREZ de A Toledo, Duke la Alba, amene ankafalitsa mwakhama kwambiri atayamba kuthetsa ntchito yake. Pa tsiku la kudza kwake mu Brussels pa mutu wa asilikali osankhika yovomerezeka Board matenda a - imadziwika Board amagazi chifukwa ambiri Kuphedwa. Bungwe analengedwa kulanga instigators ya mavuto andale ndi achipembedzo ku Netherlands. Okwana pa Duke la Alba kwa zaka 1567 kuti 1573, anaphedwa pa 18 000 anthu mu Netherlands.

Nkhondo eyite Zaka 'kuyamba ndi nkhondo ziwiri zinalephereka mu 1568 ndi 1572, motero, Vilgelma Oranskogo ndi asilikali ganyu la nyanja gozov, osasamba Dutch dziko ndi asilikali apanyanja. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama ndi asilikali ka thandizo poyera kuwukira ndi amwalira kuyambira pachiyambi.

Koma ndithu mwadzidzidzi anagwira m'tauni ya Brielle geuzen April 1, 1572, amene anali chizindikiro kwa Achikalvini m'zigawo za Holland ndi Zeeland kudzukanso.

Spain zambiri bwino, koma makumi asanu ndi atatu nkhondo ya zaka zingawatayitse outlays ndalama yaikulu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nkhani mtendere amene akhala anayambitsa Komabe, iwo analephera. Nthawiyi Kalonga wa ku Alba, amene sanali Low Mayiko, makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo chinyezi, anafunsa kangapo Philippe kumumasula ku ntchito yake monga kazembe. Philip, pamapeto, anavomera, ndipo mu 1573 bwanamkubwa watsopano anaikidwa Luis De Rekezens. Koma mu 1576 anamwalira mwadzidzidzi.

Komanso, pa nthawi imeneyo panalibe m'malo kwa miyezi ingapo mercenaries sanali amalandira malipiro, ndipo asilikali Spanish anali madandaulo aakulu, amene anapereka kuyamba kupanduka, wotchedwa "Spanish ukali". Asilikali anawononga ndipo atengedwa Antwerp, kupha 10,000 anthu ake.

Zisinthe mu Netherlands anapitiriza zinthu aŵa analimbitsa mtima wa zigawenga pofuna kumenyera ufulu wa dziko.

8 November 1576 yosainidwa Pacification wa Ghent. Holland, Zeeland ndi kum'mwera (Catholic) m'chigawo tinagwirizana kulolera zipembedzo ndi mwagwirizana co-ntchito kuchotsa Spain ku dziko Dutch. Ghent limodzi ndi mgwirizano ndi zina zigawo kumpoto.

January 6, 1579 mgwirizano chinafoka kupanduka wa Walloon zigawo Ghent pangano signatories Arras mgwirizano, amene anasonyeza kukhulupirika kwawo kwa Spanish mfumu. Poyankha, January 23, 1579 mu Utrecht mgwirizano analengedwa motsutsa Spanish kazembe, akulumikiza zisanu zigawo kumpoto kwa Netherlands ndi kuyala maziko a tsogolo Republic.

Ndi 1588 Spanish, pamene kazembe wa Netherlands Alessandro Farnese, Duke Parma, reconquered mayiko m'munsi kum'mwera. Kubadwa kwa Republic Dutch kumpoto anayamba kuzunzidwa. Koma Spain kufanana anatsogolera nkhondo ndi England ndi France, amene analola Netherlands kuyamba potsimikizira-zolawula

M'nthawi ya thwelofu chaka osayanjanitsika (ndi 1609) malire wa Dutch State Pamapeto pake lokhazikika.

Ndi lalikulu, ndi Netherlands bourgeois zisinthe chimakwirira woyamba zaka makumi asanu kumenyana pakati pa Spain ndi Netherlands (1568 -1618). Pa zaka makumi atatu otsiriza (1618 -1648) mkangano Spain ndi Netherlands, anali ophatikizidwa ndi ambiri European nkhondo, lotchedwa zaka makumi atatu nkhondo.