Kuti Pytheas anapeza paulendo wake

Pytheas anali mmodzi wa wakale Greek ofufuza nyanja. Iye anakhala pakati pa 380 ndi 310 BC. e. Wofufuzayo tsogolo anabadwa mu njuchi Massalia (tsopano mzinda wa ku France Marseille). N'zosadabwitsa kuti moyo wake kumachititsanso ulendo ndi kutulukira.

kusambira Pytheas

M'chaka 325 BC. e. Hellene akhama anapita ulendo wake wotchuka ndi zofunika. Kodi anatsegula Pytheas, chinali kunja kwa padziko lonse kwa Agiriki. Iye anasiya mizati ya Hercules - kutalika kwa chizindikiro, amene anapangidwa ndi a Khwalala la Gibraltar. Kamodzi mu Atlantic Ocean, Pytheas zombo walunjika kumpoto. Popeza amalinyero akale anatsegula Britain.

Onse amene anatsegula Pytheas analemba m'mabuku ake ( "Pa Ocean" ndi "Zemleopisanie"), zomwe, mwatsoka, kuti sizinawakhudze ife. Komabe, amatchulidwa ndi ophunzira monga Polybius ndi Strabo. akatswiriwa ndi Muzisamala anthu atulukira "dziko la kumpoto." Mphekesera ndi nthano za Britain akhala zotsimikizirika mu nthawi ya Yuliya Tsezarya kazembe wa Roma mu I. BC. e. mfundo zonse za chilumba isanafike nthawi imeneyo mulimonse anakwera mabuku a Pytheas. Chifukwa otsala malemba osagwidwa kosagwirizana tinganene kuti wapaulendo woyamba anafika kugombe la UK, ndiye amabwera pachilumbachi lodziwika bwino kwa analitcha kuti Thule ndipo potsiriza anaonekera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic, kumene akomweko ncho Amber wapatali. Kodi anatsegula Pytheas, unamenya malingaliro a m'nthawi yake, choncho ambiri sankakhulupirira nkhani yake.

analitcha kuti Thule chilumba

Chilumba lodziwika bwino kwa analitcha kuti Thule anafotokoza kuyenda panyanja, amene amatchulidwa mu nkhani yake "Pa Ocean". Choncho motsimikizika kuti samadziwika wotani pansi Pytheas anati. Kenako, analitcha kuti Thule amaganizira Iceland kapena archipelagos ena a nyanja kumpoto (Faroe, Orkney, Mahatchi ndi a Hebrides). Malowa imatengedwa m'mphepete mwa chilengedwe, kutsidya lija lomwe anthu kupeza ndingakhoze basi ayi.

Akatswiri ena, kuphatikizapo Strabo, mlandu Pytheas kuti nkhani zake zonse za analitcha kuti Thule ndi zopeka. Koma wotchuka Arctic wofufuza Nansen, kale mu XX atumwi, ankakhulupirira kuti wakale wofufuza Greek anapita kugombe la Norway kwawo. kopanda ichinso ali ndi ufulu kulibe. Pytheas ulendo anakumana zochitika ngati sikunachitekepo monga tsiku kumalo ozizira ndi kuwala kumalo ozizira. Palibe ngati anthu a Mediterranean kuti sadaone. zinthuzo zachilengedwe khalidwe la M'madera a zitunda, kupitirira Arctic Circle. Choncho, Nansen zikhoza kukhala zoyenera kopanda wake wa Norway. Komanso, ku Middle Ages Scandinavia ankaona chilumba (komanso Tula). Wamuyaya ayezi, amene anali malire achilengedwe a nyanja kumpoto, amawatenga Agiriki akale kwa dziko zina ndi ufumu wa mulungu Kronos.

ulendo gulu

Kodi anatsegula Pytheas, anali ndi yothandiza anthu a Marseilles. Iwo ankafuna kuti apeze njira yayifupi kwambiri malata British ndi Baltic Amber. mankhwala amenewa amakondedwa kwambiri mu msika yakale yoyendera. Apa mwapeza mpikisano pakati pa madera ambiri Greek ndi Foinike mu Mediterranean ndi Black Pacific. Choncho kungakhale kulakwa kuganiza kuti Pytheas anali adventurer ndi munthu wosauka. Iye anali nkhani yofunika mayiko, amene nkhawa chikoka ndi mphamvu ya m'modzi wa malo ofunika kwambiri atsamunda.

Kumene, Pytheas anali ndi chidziwitso lonse la malo ndi zakuthambo. Iye anali kuzindikira ufulu wa mumzinda wakwawo. maphunziro ake ndi kuwerengetsera ntchito ndi asayansi ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa iwo anali mkasidi ndi masamu Hipparchus wa Nicea, amene ankakhala mu BC II atumwi. e. Kuwerengetsa ufulu wa Pytheas komanso Mzimuyo kutalika kwa dzuwa masana.

Komabe, kuti bungwe ulendo nthawi yaitali, chidziwitso cha Woyendetsa Chombo Greek sikunali kokwanira. Iye anayenera kukana wa ku Foinike. Ankalamulira mizati ya Hercules ndi kuteteza kugombe la dera la Iberia (ano Spain), kumene sikuloledwa akunja. Chifukwa cha magwero otalikirana ndi chosakwanira ndipo anakhalabe bwinobwino mmene Pifeyu anakwanitsa kugonjetsa vutoli.

France ndi kugombe la UK

Koma ife anamumva kufotokoza Acelt. Choncho, masiku amakedzana kudziwika monga France. Pytheas njira anadutsa nyanjayi, kuli anthu Ostim. kafukufuku wakhala anafotokoza Britain, omwe anatenga kukhala triangular chilumba, komanso migodi malata ndi anthu akomweko. South-kumadzulo kumalekezero a dziko chofanana ndi Cape, amene adayitana Belerionom. Lero, ndi Cornwall.

Baltic nyanja

The Agiriki anakhulupirira kuti gombe Baltic, kumene ulendo itatha Pytheas, ndi dziko lanthano. The mtsinje Eridanus, kumene Amber ndi ncho, wakhala mumangire kwa anthu Mediterranean. Komanso amagwirizana ndi Scythia zakutchire. kusiyana pakati pa magwero chisokonezo, chifukwa cha zomwe n'zovuta kumvetsa pamene Pytheas anakafika. atulukira Geographical Ahelene mukhoza kukhala ndi Jutland chilumba. Dziko limeneli anali malire pakati pa North ndi Baltic Pacific.

Tanais

N'zochititsa chidwi magwero a kanjedza ndi mtsinje Tanais, limene limafotokoza Pytheas. atulukira Geographical a ulendo wake sanathe bwanji dera lino, chifukwa mawu Agiriki ano amatchedwa Don mu Black Sea steppes. chisokonezo umatheka chakuti Agiriki sankadziwa za komwe Scythia ikutha. Ambiri mwina, Pytheas otchedwa Tanais Elba, kumene iye anali kupita pa ulendo wake wa nyanja ya Baltic. Mulimonsemo, mtengo wa anatulukira pa zovuta Musaone, chifukwa iwo anagwiritsa kuzipeleka kwa Agiriki pafupi iwo.