Chombo "Chelyuskin" mbiri ndi tsoka

Wotchuka Chombo "Chelyuskin" inamangidwa mu 1933 ku Denmark ndi dongosolo la boma la Soviet. Choyamba, chotengera chatsopano dzina lake "Lena" (chakuti anafuna kuti kuyenda pakati Vladivostok ndi m'kamwa mwa Lena Mtsinje). The "Chelyuskin" anadzatchedwa madzulo a wotchuka ulendo kumalo ozizira. Steamboat anamvera ndi mfundo zambiri zamakono zonse nthawi yake. kusamutsidwa ake anali ofanana matani 7.5 zikwi.

ntchito yapadera

mbali kwambiri chomwe kusiyanitsa Chombo "Chelyuskin", chidwi ya Soviet wofufuza kumalo ozizira Otto Schmidt. malo, ichi ndi masamu akulakalaka kugonjetsa kumpoto Nyanja Route - njira yopita ku Pacific Ocean pamodzi kugombe la kumpoto kwa Europe ndi ku Asia. Schmidt anali wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse dongosolo lake. Mu 1932, iye anali m'ngalawamo "dzina lake Aleksandr Sibiryakov" anagonjetsa njira ku White Nyanja Nyanja Barents.

Chombo "Chelyuskin" chifukwa wokonda umenewu wakhala njira patsogolo bwino kafukufuku. Schmidt anakopa General Directorate ya kumpoto Nyanja Route ntchito m'chombo mu ulendo wake watsopano experimental. Vuto linali lakuti, ngakhale modernity ake, "Chelyuskin" anali kwenikweni yonyamula katundu. Okonza sichinkagwirizana iye kuyenda kwambiri mwa zisoti kumalo ozizira ayezi. Izi zinachititsa kuti Mulungu asiye tsogolo chotengeracho.

Kukonzekera Ulendo wanu

Wofuna cholinga kukwera Chombo "Chelyuskin" ouziridwa okonda ambiri amene anadzipereka kwa kuphunzira North. Komabe, mwa mawu a wachangu adawomba mafunso yovomerezeka za woyenerera wa chombo kwa ulendo m'tsogolo. Wina, ankakayikira ngati anali Mkulu woyendetsa sitimayo, Vladimir Voronin. Ataphunzira "Chelyuskin", anauza lamulo boma zingapo zofooka kamangidwe. Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto Komabe, chidwi linaperekedwa kwa iwo.

Chombo "Chelyuskin" nyamukani August 2, 1933. Tidapita m'chombocho anali anthu 112 kuchokera Murmansk. Ena a iwo si zokhudza ulendo wa. Choncho, munthu wa oyeza anatenga mkazi pakati bolodi. Sitimayo yokha anali wolemera ikuluikulu monga pa bolodi kuika katundu zina, reconnaissance seaplane ndi nyumba zingapo zoduliratu kwa midzi pa Wrangel Island.

Mu Nyanja Kara

Kudutsa pa Khwalala Matochkin Chombo "Semyon Chelyuskin" anali mu Nyanja Kara, kumene kuyembekezera woyamba floes zoopsa ayezi. mavuto amenewa zimagonjetsedwa bwato popanda vuto. Komabe, yaitali ulendo anapita, ikakhala yolemera adalira anali kupitiriza ulendo.

Mu Nyanja Kara, m'chombomo kudutsa chilumba chachikulu chipululu, palibepo pa mapu. Kafukufuku zimachitika mwangozi izi zinali zachilendo. The "latsopano" chilumba kunapezeka kuti chilumba cha zachinsinsi. Iwo linatsegulidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX ndi revisited mu 1915, kukaona Otto Sverdrupa. Kunapezeka kuti chilumba mapu mosatekeseka anali kulankhula ngati 50 miles kum'mawa kwa malo ake enieni. Kulakwitsa anali n'zotheka kudziwa ntchito pa "Chelyuskin" zakuthambo, yoyeza Yakov Gakkel.

Pakali pano, msonkhano ndi ayezi oopsa anapitiriza. The kuwonongeka choyamba chinali kuvunda kwa stringer ndi, kenako chimango mkangano. Remov injiniya anabwera ndi kapangidwe ndi bwino mindandanda yamasewera matabwa m'malo mbali yolakwika, koma sizisintha mfundo yakuti "Chelyuskin" sayenera kupita Arctic chipululu yekha.

Kukhazikitsa mbali watsopano, oyendetsa yotsitsa uta kugwira (izo zimasunga mpweya). Izi ntchito mumzindawo anali kuchita zonse: asayansi, amalinyero, omanga ndi mabwana ntchito chotengera. Mamembala a ulendo anali ogaŵikana magulu ndi nthawi athane ndi ntchitoyo. Kenako, m'nyengo yozizira pa ayezi, mfundo ya gulu la ntchito imathandiza kachiwiri Chelyuskintsev.

akaidi ayezi

September 23 chombo kwathunthu oletsedwa. Olimba ayezi atazunguliridwa ndi kumumanga ndi za malo chaka pamaso anasiya ngalawa "dzina lake Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu cha msonkhano, ndi Wrangel Island, Schmidt sakanakhoza. Tsopano Chombo "Chelyuskin" ulendo anapitiriza m'malo watsopano. ngalawa inali kuyendayenda kum'mawa, pamodzi ndi kuthetsa Mipikisano chaka ayezi. November 4 Kuti adalowa madzi a Bering Strait. Ayezi anali kutenga wowonda, ndi madzi oyera kwa oyendetsa analekanitsa njira ya makilomita angapo. Zinaoneka kuti apulumutse otetezeka mosalephera.

Suli kutali ndi "Chelyuskin" anali Chombo "Litke". mkulu wake Djuda aperekeka kuti chombo kuzemba m'ndende ayezi. Koma Otto Schmidt anakana kuthandiza chiyembekezo kuti ngalawa lokha silidzakhala. Panthawi imeneyi, wasayansi anapanga kulakwitsa koopsya, kuti kenako kwakhululukidwa adalira lonse la Chombo "Chelyuskin".

Moody kulowerera anasintha malangizo ake ndipo anatumiza bwato zosiyana ya Arctic m'chipululu. Iye anazindikira gaffe wake Schmidt kale kanthu yake, kupempha thandizo la "Litke", koma izo zinali mochedwa kwambiri. Tsopano adalira ankayembekezera wintering mu ayezi anataya. Komanso, kumalo ozizira zinkamveka Alamu - palibe munthu anakhoza amakhulupirira kuti chitetezo cha chombo zinthu muyeso wa Far North. 13 February 1934 sitima yatsopano wakufikani wapita pansi. Chifukwa thupi la imfa ya Chombo "Chelyuskin" anali kuthamanga wamphamvu ayezi, kuswa kupyolera kumbali yake ya kumanzere.

Achoke ku chotengera

A maola ochepa kuti denouement, pamene zinadziwika kuti chombo adzapita pansi, anayamba kuthawa mopupuluma wa anthu. Gulu anakwanitsa kusamutsa kwa ayezi yapafupi ya zida ndi zipangizo. Izi zinali zokwanira kulenga ena m'misasa zosakhalitsa. Munthu anafa pa gulu la. Iye pa ngozi ya tsokali wosweka kusuntha katundu.

Chombo "Chelyuskin" amene mbiri inatha faifi koloko madzulo ndipo anachoka pa ayezi anthu 104. Ena mwa iwo anali ana awiri, kuphatikizapo mwana wakhanda mmodzi wa oyeza lapansi. Ibodzi pa wina ndi dziko oipa kumalo ozizira, oyendetsa pa tsiku lachiwiri wadutsa mu likulu la uthenga tsoka. Communication Chelyuskinites anakhazikitsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi achikulire wailesi woyendetsa Krenkel. Pafupiko, pa Cape Wellen, ili siteshoni gombe, amene opatsirana uthenga. Pamene Otto Schmidt, chaka linali pa dzidzidzi "Sibiryakov", iye anali ndi vuto lomweli. okwerera m'mphepete mwa nyanja komweko, ndi kugwirizana munakhazikitsidwa kudzera Crabber mu nyanja ya Okhotsk.

moyo msasa

Kukuyiwala pa ayezi floe, oyendetsa yotsitsa m'madzi osati akugona matumba m'mahema, komanso zipangizo yomanga. Kamodzi pafupi imfa anasonyeza gulu cohesion ndi bungwe, kotero kuti mumsasa anatha kukhazikitsa moyo ndithu wamakhalidwe. barrack inamangidwa, khitchini ndi nsanja chizindikiro.

Kuyambira masiku oyambirira anakhala anu pa ayezi si linasokonekera kufufuza ntchito. Tsiku lililonse hydrologists ndipo oyeza kudziwa malo enieni a msasa. Kutengeka ayezi sanaime, choncho kunali koyenera kuti zonse kuwerengera ndondomeko ya malo anu. Chifukwa chaichi ndi theodolite ndi sextant. Pamene athu pa ayezi ogwira anali kudwala yekha Otto Schmidt, amene anapezedwa chibayo. Chifukwa cha matenda a mutu wa maulendowa anali anasamutsidwa m'misasa sali m'gulu otsiriza ndi 76th.

Pofunafuna adalira

Mu Moscow, chipulumutso ayezi ndi "Chelyuskin", kapena kani, lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi ya dziko okhalamo ake, anali ndi udindo ntchito boma, lotsogoledwa ndi membala achikulire wa chipani Valerian Kuibyshev. Pa tsiku loyamba atalandira malipoti a mamembala mavuto a boma anatumizidwa ku kumpoto yolimbikitsa uthengawo. Komabe, ngakhale malonjezo mokondwera m'Komiti ya ku Central si zimafika n'kovuta ntchito.

ofufuza kumalo ozizira anali kutali kwambiri kuti basi pinakwanisa kupulumusa iwo anali kugwiritsa ntchito ndegeyo. Msangamsanga kwa Chukotka anapita kwa oyendetsa bwino Soviet. Mitundu ya ntchito galu-sled kapena wapansi ya kusintha anali chinawononga pafupifupi pomwepo. Pa mapazi awo pa paketi ayezi tsiku kumalo ozizira inkatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 10. Pa kusintha ndi kuyenda panyanja Valerian Albanova pa Franz Josef Land, chimene chinachitika mu 1914, ku gulu lake la anthu khumi anapulumuka awiri okha.

Anapulumutsira adalira wa Chombo "Chelyuskin" anali ntchito yapadera, ngati chifukwa kuti palibe ndege Arctic kulibe, osati mu USSR komanso mu dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi. Pakati pa ndege yoyamba ayamba kufufuza Schmidt ndi amuna ataonedwa woyendetsa Anatoly Liapidevskii. Musanayambe atapeza Chelyuskinites, aviator anapanga 28 analephera anayesetsa kufufuza danga kutero. nthawi 29 okha, 5 March 1934, Liapidevskii anaona pansi pa seaplane poyamba, ndiyeno anthu nkhundu mwace.

Tsopano, pamene anatulukira malo kumizidwa Chombo "Chelyuskin", ndi kuthawa ankayamba. Nyerere-4 Lyapidevsky zatengedwa pa bolodi onse akazi ndi ana (12) ndipo anawatumiza kumudzi wapafupi. Komabe, pambuyo bwino koyamba Pambuyo kulephera choyamba. Kusweka kupulumutsidwa ndege injini, kenako ntchito ndi ndayima kaye.

Ntchito ndege pa Komabe, si zochepa. Kumpoto tinapita airships. Komanso anayesa kuthyola Chelyuskintsev Chombo "Krasin" ndiponso ATVs. Komabe, ndege anapanga zopereka yaikulu kwa ziwayendere bwino pa Saga kumalo ozizira. Onse miyezi iwiri moyo mu ayezi wa anthu a m'ndendemo ukugwira anali okonzeka kufufuza airfields ndege. Tsiku lililonse, anthu ankasinthana kuchotsa runways, osataya chiyembekezo kubwerera kwawo.

anapitiriza opulumutsa

Kukoka Chelyuskinites m'ndende ayezi adapitiriza pa 7 April. Tsopano ntchito nawo ndege angapo otchuka. Michael Vodopianov pambuyo kutenga mbali potumiza ofufuza ku siteshoni woyamba yobwerera "North Pole-1", ndi Nicholas Kamanin mtsogoleri wa gulu loyamba opita Soviet. Zinali mwa Owapulumutsa ndi ndege zina lodziwika bwino: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. woyendetsa wina, Sigismund Levanevsky, iye anachita ngozi - iyenso anapezeka ndi kupulumutsidwa.

Chombo "Chelyuskin" amene mbiri lili ndi nkhani ngati zimenezi, woyenera buku wonenepa kapena mtengo zimasintha zenera, anakhala mmodzi wa zilembo zazikulu nthawi yake. Dzina limeneli anayamba kugwirizana ndi mzimu yoipa ndi olimba mtima amene athandiza anthu kuti abwerere kwawo. Otsekeredwa mu kumalo ozizira ayezi adalira anawoloka mu Vankarem - yaing'ono msasa Chuckchee, amene wakhala pakati pa onse kupulumutsidwa ntchito.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu ambiri m'ngalawamo, ntchito seaplane kupulumuka kukwaniritsa cholinga wokondedwa yekha. Last zotayika magalimoto kumanzere mkulu ngozi Vladimir Voronin. April 13 anali Vankarem. masiku Final ntchito anatenga malo ndi zochitika kunadetsa mantha - Icefield pang'onopang'ono anawonongedwa. M'mawa afunkha Voronin wamphamvu mkuntho n'kuwononga msasa zosakhalitsa.

homecoming

Pa kupulumutsidwa adalira ndi mwini Chombo "Chelyuskin", omwe ali ndi chithunzi cha zonse Soviet ndi zambiri manyuzipepala dziko, anali chidwi cha anthu mamiliyoni. Kukondwa pa zinthu ziwayendere bwino sewero anali kumalo ozizira m'dzikolo. Kukondwera anthu wamba mosavuta anafotokoza kuti: kanthu ofanana mu mbiri ya ndege dziko panyanja sichinafikebe.

Anatenga gawo mu gulu la Chelyuskinites oyendetsa anali Zimphona loyamba la Soviet Union. Izi apamwamba boma mphoto unakhazikitsidwa madzulo a zochitika mu Far North. Iye analandira Order la Lenin ndi America awiri (William Le Verrier ndi Klayd Armsted), amene ankasamalira la ndegeyo kunja, ogwidwawo mwachindunji kuti apulumutse anthu ogwira ntchito anaonekera m'mphepete mwa imfa. Ophunzira anali ayezi epic ndi Glee msonkhano mu Moscow. akulu onse Chelyuskintsev anapulumuka yozizira koopsa, kupereka Red Chabwino.

afterword

Imfa ya sitima chifukwa utsogoleri Soviet kusintha maganizo awo kufufuza kumalo ozizira. Nditabwerera ku Moscow, Schmidt analengeza anagonjetsa kumpoto Nyanja Route. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri achilendo ankaona zotsatira za ulendo wa si choncho duwa. mwanjira ina, koma pa zimene USSR Chelyuskinskaya izo aphunzira. Popeza yisiti anayamba kukula mndandanda wa kuchangamutsa. Tsopano chotengera nthawi iliyonse limodzi ndi alipidwa zombo katundu amene sakanakhoza paokha njira yake mu chipululu kumalo ozizira.

ziwembu zingapo kupeza lodziwika bwino olowa "Chelyuskin" Pa nyengo ya Soviet. Awiri a Maulendo awa mukufufuza bungwe mu 1970. More mwayi gulu la msonkhano mu 2006, zomwe zinathandiza kuchititsa akuluakulu a Chukotka Autonomous District, likulu la asilikali apanyanja ndi Russian Academy of Sciences. Akatswiri anatha auke kwa nyanja zina za m'chombo. zakale izi anatumizidwa ku Copenhagen, kumene kamodzi inamangidwa ndi "Chelyuskin". Pambuyo poona mpweya wabwino grille, akatswiri anazindikira kuti kwenikweni ndi a pangoziyi.