Ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu

Mu ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo, ndi woyamba Grand Duke, kuti adzoze mwalamulo mu 1547, linayamba 1533. Mu malo ambiri mungapeze makhalidwe oipa a nthawi ya ulamuliro wake. History Komabe, ananena kuti ambiri zikayenda Russian mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa John Vasilyevich 4.

M'malo atatu amasiye Prince Ivan anakhala mfumu ndi mayi wake - Elena Glinskaya. Komabe, zaka zisanu kenako, iye anafa. Little Yohani adakula mbakhala akangana zowawa m'malo ulamuliro wa boyars, ndiye m'modzi, ndiye kuti ena anayamba kulamulira. Ndinasintha ndi mutu wa mpingo Russian. Zonse izi zimaonekera khalidwe la mfumu m'tsogolo. Pa sikisitini, Mfumu anakwera wachifumu.

Pa ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu mu nthawi yoyamba ankatsatira kwambiri woyera Metropolitan Macarius. "Code Chilamulo" inakhazikitsa mu nyengo iyi ya Zemsky Sobor. Ufulu kudziteteza kusintha chilungamo anapatsa wina kuphedwa anali okhawo pambuyo choncho wakhala ankaona mwayekha. Komanso, anapeza wofunika kwambiri kwa m'boma, kachitidwe koyamba unakhazikitsidwa maphunziro mpingo. Ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu, ndipo limadziwika chiyambi yosindikiza.

Mfumu anasiya kapolo Khanate nkhawa ndiye Russia (Astrakhan ndi Kazan), kumasuka masauzande anthu Russian ku ukapolo. Chigonjetso adagonja mu 1560 pa dongosolo Livonia. Russia anapezanso Old Town ake Kolyvan, Yuryev ndi ena. Mwatsoka, mu nthawi chachiwiri cha ulamuliro wa John Vasilyevich iwo kachiwiri anatayika chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa pa nkhondo. Pamene Mfumu anayamba chitukuko cha Siberia - mu mu 1581 izo anayesetsa kukwera Ermak.

mkazi Anastasia imfa (iye pomudyetsanso poizoni mu 1560), Metropolitan Macarius anayeserapo latsopano boyars kutsutsa boma anasintha khalidwe la Mfumu. Panthawi imeneyi ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu amakhala ndi mbiri yakale monga wankhanza, wouma mtima, akuopsa. Mfumu inayamba kuthetsa akuwakayikira ndi zovutitsa kwa iye.

Mu 1564, mu April, Ivana Groznogo adampereka inanyamuka pafupi, kazembe wa Mfumu mu Dorpat Andrei Kurbsky. Tikumbukenso kuti ndithu mbali yaikulu ya boyars ndi chifundo Kurbsky. Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko kuti achoke Moscow Ivana Groznogo kumapeto kwa 1564, ndipo mu January chaka chamawa kulengeza kutsika kuchokera kumpando wachifumu.

Komabe opanduka Boyars mphamvu Muscovites anapempha mfumu kuti abwerere. February 2, ku mpando wachifumu, John V. 4, anachita kuvomereza "oprichnina." Izi asilikali wapadera ndi kasamalidwe yeniyeni ndipo unali ndi gawo kukhala ndi ulamuliro cartel ndi opanduka ndi. Ena a boma kuti "zemshchina". Tikumbukenso kuti oprichnina sanathe kuwononga anthu otchuka, koma wofooka kwambiri iye.

Ivana Groznogo ulamuliro panali kusiyana kuwonjezeka kwambiri m'gawo la dzikolo. Mu ulamuliro wa John Vasilyevich Russia sanachedwe kuvomereza kwa Siberia, Astrakhan, Kazan Ufumu wa North Caucasus ndi Nagayya. Russia anayamba olumpha kutalika kwa malo a ku Ulaya.

The zotsatira za ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo, ndithudi, anali zabwino ndi zoipa. zochitika zoipa monga unatha chinyengo ndi chiwawa chapakati kapena m'dera oyendetsa mphamvu yauzimu, komanso kulanda wa ambuye dziko. Zonsezi chikwiyire ndi kumenyana ndi zotsutsana. Pakati pa zipolowe m'dera anthu, anthu anakana kugwira ntchito.

Ulamuliro wa Ivan ndi chidali chinthu chofunikira pa chitukuko cha dziko. Mu Yohane 4 Vasileviche midzi 300 latsopano zinamangidwa, 155 zikuluzikulu, anthu dziko lakula miliyoni 4.5. Anthu (2.5 mln. Anthu). Mu nthawi ya ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo analinso Pofuna kulenga zombo choyamba mu Russia.