Kusinthaku mu Europe

Pakutha Zapakati Mpingo wa Katolika unali umodzi mwa mabungwe olemera ndi amphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya. Koma mphamvu inaonekera yekha: mpingo, ndi onyozeka ndi mfulu, maturely zambiri kusakhutira ndi mphamvuzonse wa atsogoleri achipembedzo, kenako pakhale gulu la kumanganso mpingo - Kukonzanso.

zifukwa

Pofika kumapeto kwa ufumu XV m'ma anatuluka mu mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya. Mafumu, modalira asilikali ndi bureaucracy, anali wosasangalala ndi phukusi la Apapa mu zochitika zawo. Awo ndi mafumu wapatali malangizo anali osafunika. mafumu Haunted ndi chuma cha Mpingo wa Katolika, amene anali mmodzi wa nzika waukulu mu Europe. Inde, ngati izo! Pa kupereka chakhumi, kulipira ntchito ndi kugulitsa machimo atsogoleri udachita ndalama zambiri kuti "anasambira" mu lakutali Rome. mfumu izi, ndithudi, sanali.

anthu wamba sindimakonda malamulo ena achipembedzo. Choyamba, kukwera mtengo kwa miyambo ndi levies zosiyanasiyana. Kachiwiri, chilankhulidwe cha kulambira - osati aliyense anamvetsa chimene chidanenedwa ndi wansembe pa Latin wake. Koma ngakhale zambiri sanali chakuti mpingo woyeretsedwa kusiyana wogwila. Kunapezeka kuti munthu chiyambi odzichepetsa anali ndi moyo kukhala aliyense, ngakhale chimakakamiza anthu olemera okha. Kapena kulekerera akuvutitsidwa ndi anthu olamulira chabe chifukwa choncho, iwo amati, kuposa ananeneratu.

Kuyambira cha Katolika

The kusakhutira kwambiri ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika amatchedwa unagawanika Germany. Choncho, ndi iye n'kuyamba Reformation mu Europe. Mu 1517, mnyamata zamulungu pulofesa Martin Luther kuikidwa pa khomo la mpingo nyumba ya abstracts 95 - maganizo awo pa madongosolo a mpingo. chifukwa anali kugulitsa ponseponse machimo. Mapale anali, mwa mawu amakono, nkhani chikhululukiro cha machimo. Iwo anagulitsa ndi ansembe, ndi malo kupyolera Germany. Chifukwa machimo Papa anakonza zoti amangenso mpingo wa St .. Peter ku Roma. Luther natsutsa malamulo onsewa. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti Papa ndi ufulu kuti apereke amakhululuka. Luther anatsutsa ndi miyambo zobiriwira, monasticism ndi kusakwatira, anapatsidwa mwa ansembe. Kuti Baibulo kumvetsa Germany wamba, amene sanadziwe Latin, anamasulira m'chinenero chawo.

Luther kukalalikira molimba mtima kunathandiza Papa Leo X nkhawa. Anamkakamiza kusiya maganizo ake, ndipo pamene iye anakana, adafotokozera wachisokonezo ndipo anachotsedwa. Koma Luther sanalepheretse - M'malo mwake, alandira ng'ombe papa, iye mkangowo kuti shreds. Pa pulofesa dzulo anaonekera wambiri kumbali, kuphatikizapo otchuka kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa akalonga German adazikumbira Nyumbayi wake, pamene Lutera analemba mabuku zamulungu. Pakali pano, Reformation mu Europe ambiri otukuka. Luther anaonekera otsatira amene anapereka kupita kukhala kosavuta ndi atakhala kufanana chilengedwe. mtsogoleri wawo Tomás Myuntser anatsogolera kupanduka unakula kukhala wamba nkhondo. akalonga German mwamsanga anagonjetsa bwino opandukawo zida, osati kukhala zochitika asilikali. Kugalukira anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza. Kenako, Reformation ku Germany potsiriza wadutsa mu manja a otchuka a dziko.

Kulimbana pakati pa mipingo iwiri

N'zoona kuti si apamwamba onse Luther anavomereza mfundo zabwino. Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti (monga anakhala otsatira chodziwika cha chiphunzitso chatsopano) anapha mmwamba nkhondo. Zinatha kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo zinatha Augsburg dziko aona kuti aliyense kalonga mwini ufulu wokhazikitsa kodi chipembedzo mu ulamuliro wake. Ganizo kumanganso mpingo unali opatsirana, ndipo posakhalitsa Reformation mu Europe yafalikira kum'mwera kwa Germany, Switzerland, France, mayiko a ku Scandinavia. Mu Netherlands, Achiprotestanti m'dera zambiri anagalukira ulamuliro Spanish ndi ufulu wodzilamulira.

Poyamba Kukonzanso ku England. Mfumu Henry VIII anapempha kuti Papa, moti anamupatsa chilolezo achotse mkazi wake kamodzi. Iye anakana, mfumu ananena kuti Mpingo English salinso amadalira Rome. Choncho, mu 1534 mutu wa atsogoleri achipembedzo mu dziko lino, limodzi ndi mwini wake wa malo onse mpingo, anakhala mfumu. Zikuonekeratu kuti kukana Papa anali chabe ndi chonamizira kuti akagwire chilichonse a mpingo. Ndipo mwamsanga kwambiri mwachita. Otsala a Tchalitchi cha Anglican, monga chimatchedwa, wakhala nthawi yaitali ngati Katolika.

Komabe, mwa zaka za m'ma XVI atsogoleri a chikatolika anakhala ndi moyo, ndi Reformation mu Europe kukumana kukana amphamvu. The vanguard a nkhondo yolimbana ndi Aprotestanti anakhala dongosolo la Ajezwiti, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1540 otsatira ake mu Europe zopezera sukulu, amene anapereka maphunziro kwambiri ndi kuphunzitsa kukhulupirika kwa ophunzira a Mpingo wa Katolika. Ajezwiti sanazengereze ndi espionage, entangle nthumwi zawo makhoti onse achifumu. zonsezi kwakukulukulu analoledwa kuletsa Reformation. Koma mphamvu wakale wa Mpingo wa Katolika analibe.