Kum'mawa kutsogolo. Russia mu World nkhondo yoyamba

Kodi amadziwika za ngoziyo zoopsa zomwe anakhudzidwa M'mayiko ambiri, munthu ano? Yambani chaka - 1914. First World nkhondo inatha mu 1918. Russia nawo, koma dziko sichikwiya wopambana. Anapha anthu ambiri. Nkhondo imeneyi, olemba mbiri Soviet ndacha imperialist ndi wosalungama. N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Chifukwa atapha anthu inachitika chifukwa zotsutsana m'mayiko capitalist. Mwanjira analekerera funso la amene anaukira amene. Suona mwayi kupambana, ndipo mu Russia iwo anali, ndi zana pa zana. mdani anakakamizika capitulate, ndipo popanda nawo dziko lathu, iye analibe zinthu zofunikira kuti apitirize nkhondoyo. Ngati kutsogolo kum'mawa si zikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi kuwonongedwa ndi zochitika kunachitika ndi propaganda odana ndi nkhondo, izo zikanadzachitika asanafike. Ngati ...

German militancy

Pali stereotype amphamvu a ku Germany ndi khalidwe, ndi asilikali obadwa amene angathe kulenga wamphamvu ndi bwino ukugwirira ntchito zankhondo. Komabe, pali odziwika bwino mfundo, salankhula mokomera mfundo imeneyi ya zachilengedwe German nkhondo.

Awiri dziko nkhondo zachitika zaka mazana makumi awiri. Onse a iwo anayamba Germany, ndipo onse anadwala linagonja. Sanathandize titadziwa chilango. Anali wopanda mphamvu ananyadira German zomangamanga. Iwo sanali yamtunduwu wa asilikali wotchuka German. The kusungira kwambiri asilikali dziko anagonja makamu lonse, motsogoleredwa ndi atsogoleri. Mwinamwake mu zochitika zapadera za m'ma XX, ndi kale Masewerera a Nordic mzimu anali amphamvu ndi losagonjetseka? Ayi, ndipo mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi zaka asilikali German, nayenso, sanathenso azivala ndi n'kukhutira chosafota ulemerero. Osati kuwala ...

Zochitika za nkhondo lero, ngakhale remoteness kuchuluka, ndi chidwi osati chifukwa cha centennial lapansi. History amamuchititsa kubwereza, ngati si zenizeni, koma kufanana ena Tingaone zina. Poyerekeza china chochititsa chidwi ndi awiri masoka, makamaka mbali ya nawo Russia ndi USSR. Olemba mbiri ndiponso andale adzakhala chabwinobwino kuganizira maphunziro a m'mbuyomu, kuti kubwereza zolakwika zoopsa.

Pakati Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri, ngati umati, pereryvchik ... zaka makumi atatu - ndi pang'ono ndithu, nthawi imeneyi sanagwe mu m'badwo tanthauzo. Pang'ono zaka ziwiri, anthu sangathe kwa gawo lalikulu ndi ana, akwezeni iwo, ndi kulenga zinthu gawo lotsatira la m'badwo wa kubereka, akuti zimatengera zaka 30. Koma kuti mukwaniritse zaka asilikali munthu nthawi.

Kuposa wokonzeka kulimbana

Zida za nkhondo anali opanda ungwiro, koma ndi 1914 kale anapanga mitundu itatu waukulu wa asilikali: m'dziko asilikali, bulu ndi mphamvu mpweya. Ndege ndi dirigibles ndiye anali ntchito reconnaissance mlengalenga ndi mabomba. Panali sitima zankhondo, kuchititsa nkhonya mosayembekezereka pa Zombo Zankhondo ndi zombo wamalonda kuchokera pansi pa madzi. Nyanja migodi anapeza ano ndithu "nyanga" mawonekedwe. Kumene, mu njira zambiri zosiyana kwa posachedwapa ndi chi nkhondo First World nkhondo. Photos anatengedwa kutsogolo kwake, zinthu zochuluka chonchi wa munthu apakavalo. The apakavalo anali adakali waukulu chidwi mphamvu ya kuzemba, koma malo ake mu zisudzo za nkhondo pang'onopang'ono anatenga magalimoto oti muli nazo zida ndi akasinja, poyamba olemera ndi imene inali yovuta kunyamula. Zida zankhondo zachitika mofulumira kwambiri moti ambiri mwa zitsanzo zake 10 ntchentche ndi oti atumikira zaka zambiri. Mfuti anakhala Mlingo wa limakhulupirira mfuti za makina, bulu ndi Hotchkiss akhoza kutchetcha mdani oyenda imayenera kuposa mfuti ochiritsira.

Ndipo, ndithudi, zida zambiri zoopsa wa First World nkhondo - mpweya wa poizoni. Pa yakutsogolo-mzere ntchito sichikhala angayerekeze Hitler mu kugwa lathunthu la ulamuliro wa Hitler.

Osati nkhokwe lonse linali mu munda wa chipani osagwirizana inayamba Nkhondo mu 1914, ena abwino anatsekula ndi kukhazikitsa "panjira", koma kuweruza ndi liwiro kukonzanso njira, maziko inalipo kale pa mlingo wa ntchito ndipo prototypes. Patsogolo kwa revitalization wa makampani chitetezo wapereka First World nkhondo. tebulo A lomwe limasonyeza voliyumu ya kupanga zida zankhondo ndi amapereka Russia kwa zaka zinayi, zikusonyeza nyamuka yaikulu makampani m'banja:

Chiwerengerochi lero kuoneka kuti n'zofunika kwambiri.

Mwina zinali chida zoipa? Ayi ndithu zogwirizana ndi mfundo za nthawi, ndi zitsanzo zina anali abwino kwambiri ntchito Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Bad ngati asilikali Russian anali atavala? No mawonekedwe, ndi zipolopolo ndi abwino kwambiri kwa nyengo yathu, osachepera bwino kuposa Austria. Za chakudya ndi cholakwika chilichonse palibe wina adakumbukira. The First World nkhondo, anthu amene akumana ndi kulandidwa m'mayiko onse, wakhala si amene anayambitsa mavuto chakudya mu Russia. Anachita 'Lamulolo ", ndi palibe amene anatsutsa. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi luso thandizo. Chitsanzo cha zida, kupanga zomwe silinakwaniritsidwe katswiri makampani zoweta, asilikali Russian analandira kuchokera Britain ndi France. Ndege "Farman" ndi "Nieuport" anamangidwa ku mafakitare wathu ntchito anagwirizana zolembedwa ndi akatswiri woyenera ndi ogwira ntchito zokwanira. The Nthano ya m'mbuyo "lapotnoy" Russia, yomwe inagwa mwadzidzidzi 1914 First World nkhondo, ndi nthawi amachotsa.

chowiringula

Mu 1914, ndithudi, panalibe TV makamaka Internet, kotero mudziwe nkhondo anachita manyuzipepala zokhazo zimene anachedwa ndi tsiku limodzi ndi lipoti June 16 nkhani yomvetsa za kupha Sitefano wolowa nyumba a ufumu wa Austria-Hungary ndi mkazi wake. Pakhala mlandu mu mzinda Chisebiya wa Sarajevo, zinali nthawi imene Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ya 1914-1918, zimene zinabweretsa mavuto kwa anthu ambiri. Maboma a mayiko akhudzidwa amafuna zinthu ziwiri kuthetsa mtendere zimene zinachitika: ndi kuvomera gulu apolisi ku Austria pa kupha ndi oyamba a asilikali. Serbia kugwirizana kufufuza olowa, koma sankafuna alowererepo pa. Ndiye Austria-Hungary kulengeza nkhondo pa Serbia. Mu Russia anayamba yolimbikitsa, limodzi ndi chenjezo zokhuza kuthekera ntchito mphamvu kuteteza abale Orthodox anthu. Germany, popanda kuyembekezera inayamba maudani, kulengeza nkhondo. nthawi iyi si Serbia, ndi Russia.

prerequisites

Ndipo panali mosalephera World nkhondo Ine? History salola ndi maganizo subjunctive, amene anali, amene sasintha. Komabe, anthu amakonda kuganizira, ndi nthawi pali mabaibulo zimene zingachitike ngati wophunzira Gavrila anatenga anaphonya? Kapena ngakhale kuwombera sanali mwadzidzidzi anagwira Orthodox Christian tikamapita ku yopha?

Mozungulira zikuoneka kuti mu nkhani iyi, kungakhale tsiku lina kapena chaka, koma kukhala ndi First World nkhondo. mamembala ake anali mu mkhalidwe mpikisano okhazikika pa malo lotseguka padziko lonse. Germany anafuna ankawalamulira, ndi kuuza African kumadela Asian ndi ena kunja kapena France, kapena England anali mofulumira ayi. Russia sanafune polekanitsa ndi inati Baltic ndi Poland zoona, dziko chapeza ngati patsogolo chuma, amene muno chaka Bismarck wa 50 tili amayembekezeka kukhala dera, ndipo mwina padziko lonse mtsogoleri. Upcoming chachikulu nkhondo kuti "malo pansi pano."

Asayansi wa German General Wogwila

kutsogolo kum'mawa kwa nthawi yaitali anali malo chachikulu cha nkhondo, koma kuti awunike angathe lankhondo la Russia, Austria-German lamulo anatenga nthawi zina. Monga Hitler zaka 23 pambuyo pake, Von Moltke, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Austria ndi Hungary-German General Wogwila anakhulupirira chigonjetso chingapezeke mwa vuto mofulumira, dzanja ufulu nkhondo mdani. Makamaka kunyalanyaza Pamalo adziwitse nkhondo, anapanga Alliance utsogoleri Kodi kuganizira lingathe wautali kwambiri chuma ufumu Russian, ufulu wodzilamulira chakudya ndiponso anthu yaikulu, kotero amadzibisa wa First World nkhondo anali zinakhazikitsa omangidwa. Pa East Austrians atuma chakhumi wa asilikali ake, china chirichonse ankafunitsitsa malire a Luxembourg ndi Belgium. Kuyambira 2 kwa 5 wa August, masiku atatu chabe, pafupifupi popanda kumenyana, kulanda mayiko awiri n'kuloŵerera France. Ndi August 25, kugonjetsa mdani pa mtsinje Marne, Austria-Hungarians ndi Germany anapita ku Paris. Zinaoneka kuti chigonjetso ali pafupi. Koma ...

Panthawiyi ku Russia

Kukula maganizo kukonda dziko lako zimachitika pa siteji koyamba za nkhondo. Pambuyo kulengeza ake kwa anthu amaganiza kuti asilikali nkhani ziwiri adzaswa mdani. Izi ntchito ndi mabodza zithunzi mu mawonekedwe a posters, manyuzipepala, ndi lero, ndi ofalitsa aluso. Russia si rearmed, osati nthawi, koma Austria-Hungary pa nthawi zinali zokwanira kwa maganizo a mbiri yakale ambiri. Komabe, ngakhale boma chisanadze nkhondo ya Soviet asilikali mu 1941 akuyerekezera kuti kwenikweni za chomwecho. The chifukwa Komabe, pa izi unpreparedness awiri osiyana. kutsogolo kum'mawa wakhala si patsogolo kwambiri ku gawo Russian zina Carpathians, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti asilikali athu sikuti zinali zovuta zida m'chinyumba ichi. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mavuto a kapezedwe. Asilikali makampani msanga kunakopa opangidwa zida zokwanira ndi zipolopolo osati mpaka mapeto a nkhondoyi. Kamodzi anathetsa First World nkhondo (1914-1918), Russia anali kuloŵa mu nthawi fratricidal kupha imene inatenga zaka zinayi. nthawi yonseyi, mafakitale pafupifupi wofooka ndi zipolopolo, mabomba, mifuti, howitzers, mfuti, mfuti makina ndi zipolopolo kuchokera mbali chikumenyana ( "ofiira" ndi "woyera") si anasamutsidwa, zonsezi anatengedwa kuchokera malo a. makadi chakudya kuyamba pasanafike mu France, England, Germany ndi Austria-Hungary, ndi kusowa kwa chakudya sadamve mpaka Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira.

Amenyane dziko ndi gawo zochuluka ndipo ngati wamphamvu angathe mafakitale ndi ndi zosatheka. Kuti achite isanayambike mofulumira chigonjetso amayenda mu kwanilitse mayiko a magulu anapanga Alliance sikunali kokwanira, ndi Pamalo kumenyana attrition zitha kuyambitsa mavuto. utsogoleri Kaiser anali kuyembekezera kuthekera ghostly kuchotsa Russia nkhondo ndi kutsatira zotupa zochititsa chidwi kapena njira zingapo zatsopano.

zinthu zina za First World nkhondo asonyeza kuti mapulani izi mwina anatha kuzindikira Komabe, chigonjetso cha Austria-Hungary, alephera.

Siteji koyamba

Russia wakhala akuyesetsa kupulumutsa anzawo munthawi zovuta kwa iwo. Zinali nazonso ndi First World nkhondo. Mbiri ya chiyambi cha zochita yogwira wa Russian Imperial Army mwadzaza sewero. Atagonjetsedwa wa Marne mapulani mopupuluma ntchito frontline kunachitika mu August 1914, chomwe chingathe kukhala okonzeka ndi bwino. Awiri ankhondo (molamulidwa ndi akazembe Samsonov AV ndi PK Rennenkampf) anathamangira kwa kuukira East Prussia ndipo anagonjetsa Austria 8 Army M. Pritvits. German Kaiser anali maganizo zotupa, koma, ngakhale, wavomereza choona ndi maganizo a njira mkulu. Iye inaimitsidwa ndi katapila Paris, ndipo anatumiza mphamvu zazikulu kum'mawa. The pendulum ali anaponya njira zina, Russian mkulu lamulo analakwitsa njira. Army angakaphe pa mayendedwe divergent kwa Berlin ndi Konigsberg. duality Izi lengthened kum'mawa kutsogolo, kunadzetsa kuchepa ndende ntchito, kuposa kulephera kupeza mwayi wa German General Wogwila. makamu Russian kuwononga katundu chidachitika, kenako ankaoneka kuti aganizire za chiyambi ndipo panalibe kanthu. Zochita anapeza khalidwe Pamalo, amene ambiri olankhula, zinali m'manja mwa adani awo. asilikali Austria anali womangidwa, asalandidwe malo kuzemba, pamene nthawi zosemphana iwo.

imfa

The amadzibisa wa First World nkhondo anali kuposa kale wa utali. Russia anali kumenya nkhondo Turkey, ndipo anagwirizana anapanga Alliance Bulgaria. m'mayiko 38 ankagwira nkhondo wamagazi mudakhumudwapo nyuzi. Entente mbali anatenga Egypt ndipo ngakhale posachedwapa Russian mdani - Japan. Italy sankafuna kutsatira mfundo ankaona zinthu dziko anagwirizana ntchito. Popeza anayamba nkhondo kumbali ya anapanga Alliance, ndi mu ntchito yake anasintha malangizo bayonets wa asilikali awo.

Pokhala magulu kwa Nkhondo ndi mayiko ena. World nkhondo yoyamba, zaka zinayi zinali zokwanira zingapundule mamiliyoni makumi awiri ndi kudzapha anthu zikwi zikwi khumi. M'pofunika kuti asiye kuganizira chiŵerengero anafa ankhondo a limati kumenyana. Characteristically, pamene nambala mwachilungamo lalikulu la asilikali akufa (Russia sanali anayesedwa pafupifupi miliyoni. 1.7 Asilikali), chithunzi ichi n'chozama kupitirira wa mayiko a anapanga Alliance. Kodi ambiri mwa anthu anabweretsa First World nkhondo? zomvetsa anthu Table zikuwoneka ngati:

The Russian asilikali, ngakhale zolephera lamulo (iwo nthawizonse akhala ndi chifuniro kulikonse aukali), anasonyeza Mwachangu mwachilungamo mkulu. Iye sanalole malowedwe a asilikali mdani kwambiri mu madera ake, ndipo nthawi zambiri anamugonjetsa mdaniyo ndi chiwerengero ndi luso. Ndipo komabe, kwa zaka zonse za First World nkhondo, osati chochitika chimodzi cha kusintha kwa asilikali Russian kwa mdani, osanenapo kupeza defectors regiments, zopatutsana ndi makamu. Izo basi sakanakhoza kukhala. Otchuka ndi kuwolowa manja kwa akaidi a nkhondo amenewa anayamba nthawi zambiri magulu onse nkhondo zida lonse.

Pamalo ndi wokonzeka kwa tingalimbanirane

Kum'mawa kutsogolo, komanso West, ali okhazikika pambuyo 1915. asilikali anatenga mbali ndipo ankachita awathandize, kukumba ngalande ndi nyumba zokhalamo. Nthawi pali kuyesayesa kwa kubooleza, koma osati amphamvu akukhudzidwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito akasinja, kapena ngakhale chakupha chlorine si kuthandiza kuti bwino ndi kulowa m'chipinda opaleshoni. Ine anakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi kamodzi kokha mu zaka zonse za First World nkhondo. Woyambitsa chipulumutso anali General Brusilov, amene m'chaka ndipo oyambirira chilimwe 1916 anakonza ndi kwakukuru anazindikira yojambula magawo chitetezo wa asilikali Austria-German mu South-Western Front. Kupambana chinathandiza makhalidwe otsika a mdani, ulamuliro wabwino ndi ndende bwino asilikali Russian. Miscalculations anali, makamaka, nkhokwe osakwanira, amene kupewedwa kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za ntchito ya njira yonse.

The ndondomeko ya Nkhondo mu 1914-1918

Chaka chilichonse, nkhondo yoopsa anali yodziwika ndi khalidwe ena a zinthu njira. Mu 1914 panali yotsimikizika ubwenzi zochita za asilikali Russian ndi asilikali a Entente. Asamathere mbali ya asilikali a German ndipo Austria anachita kuukira bwino pa wotchedwa Galicia.

1915 anakhala Pamalo, koma ena mundondomeko Germany komabe anasonyeza adakhoza kulanda Poland, mbali ya Western Ukraine, ndi Baltic States ndi Belarus.

Mu 1916, panali wosakhwima mosamala yodziwika gawo lotsiriza la lonse Yoyamba ya Dziko lonse. The malangizo chachikulu cha kuukira kwa asilikali German anali mu France, mu malo Verdun. Brusilov zolawula kachiwiri linaphwanya mapulani dziko la anapanga Alliance, iwo ankayenera kuti mopupuluma kusamutsa asilikali kum'mawa kupewa ndi mavuto ankhondo.

Mu 1917 Russia anasiya nkhondo, poganizira ina (1918) ndi Germany ndi Austria-Hungary mtendere osiyana.

Mapeto?

mavuto onse ndi masoka kamodzi kutsirizitsa. Ndipo anathetsa First World nkhondo. 1918 anali tsiku pamene mfuti panangoti zii. Austria-Hungary anakomoka. opambana chikondwerero, iwo asankha amapezerapo mwayi zinthu kuti zoperewerazo ndalama chuma tingati m'kupita kwa maudani, akulangani Germany, wokakamiza izo ndi indemnity, kuti alumikiza mbali ya m'gawo lake. Russia mu ndondomeko uyu sanali nawo. The February utasintha cha 1917, kenako ulimi October nkhongono asilikali, kuchichepetsa chuma, ndi za ndale achititsa Bolshevik utsogoleri kusiya m'madera ena a Russian Ufumu mokomera limati ena kapena kuwapatsa ulamuliro. The First World nkhondo, zomwe gulu zinasaina pangano mtendere, ndipo pambuyo mapeto ake anasiya mavuto ambiri sanathetsedwe. Germany, mdani yaikulu ya Entente, anagonja manyazi ndi achifwamba, koma kumverera kwa chilungamo ndi kuipidwa anakhalabe ndi anthu German. Patapita zaka khumi ndi zaka theka anapeza mtsogoleri amene anakwanitsa kutenga ntchito maganizo awa, wothinikizidwa ngati kasupe. pangano Versailles chinathetsedwa, ndipo Sipanapite nthawi yaitali mphindi pamene French mwina koma kuvomereza utsogoleri mu malo omwewo amene iye maphunziro First World nkhondo. Photos njanji galimoto ku Kempen, limene lalembedwa mu 1918 kuti German dziko wathuwu adzakhala kuzilambalala manyuzipepala onse a dziko.

Koma ichi ndi nkhani ina ...