Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Kayala tsiku. Ali mtsinje Kayala?

dzina "mtsinje Kayala" wowerenga wamba chabe chimodzi Russian ntchito, ndicho mu "Lay" imene ili zinadzala ndi zaka eyiti kuyambira penipeni osawerengeka zinsinsi ndi masamu. Mmonke-ndakatulo analemba zosaposa mawu 8000, ndipo chiwerengero cha ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi posachedwapa zikwi makumi awiri. Asilavo maphunziro padziko lonse kuwerenga ndi kukonzanso kuliwerenga ndemanga pa nthawi iliyonse kubweretsa zambiri kuyengedwa ndi kupeza chinachake padera, kukonzanso akutanthauzira lemba wakale.

N'chifukwa chiyani kuphunzira ntchito

Chiyani muyenera kuwerenga chiyambi cha mankhwala, malo pomwe padalembedwa, ankalemba? Kuyang'ana nkhani zake, kudziwa zomwenso ake. Enigmatic ndi zachinsinsi mtsinje Kayala. Izo zalembedwa mu lemba la mlembi, maulendo asanu ndi atatu. geographers mbiri sangathe molondola kumene mtsinje Kayala. Mu 70 a m'nthawi yomaliza ofukula Chiyukireniya kubala kufufuza zambiri, koma sanapeze kufufuza kwa nkhondo. Ngati si ntchito atatu, sitikanatha anaphunzira za ena zigawo Prince Igor, m'pamenenso kuti sanamve za mtsinje, pafupi Nkhondo anatenga malo. Mtsinje Kayala - ichi mtsinje theka-lanthano.

zilandiridwenso Psychology

Old olemba Russian ndalemba osati yekha, koma mwa chisomo, kupyolera mu pemphero. Iwo anali ndi maganizo kwathunthu kwa kulemba, ndi, mmonke wotchedwa abbot wa agulupa nadzipereka kumvera. Choncho woyambitsa "Mawu ..." - yotero. Alembi akale sanafune kupereka, kukankhira okha, ndipo anafuna kusungunula mu ntchito yake. Choncho, nthawi zambiri, palibe munthu amene angadziwe dzina lake. Koma nthawi yake, mosamala sanabise. Ndipo tsopano ndi zina zolembalemba otsutsa unalembedwa zaka 1188-1200, ndi amaganiza kuti analengedwa, mwina ndi Vydubychi ansembe yotchedwa mu Kiev, pamene kusungidwa Hypation Chronicle, zinalembedwa kale, limene kotheka kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane. Koma zikuoneka kuti mmonke analinso ophunzira mu msonkhano uno, ngati nthawi zina ayika lemba la zidindo munthu.

Ndipo zimene wolemba analemba, "... Mau"?

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa mabuku Russian zaka mazana onse akale XI-XII, tikuona kuti iye sakuzidziwa zopeka. Kayala Mtsinje, amene amatchulidwa "Mawu" zikuoneka mu dzina ano ali ndi dzina lina. Academician wotchedwa Dmitry Likhachev anaziwona izo Syuurly mtsinje. Ndipo mizu ya mawu amagwirizana ndi mawu akuti "kulapa." Choncho mlembi ndakatulo anatchula mtsinje, kumene Igor si mwangozi analephera. Ndipo, monga Tingaone nkhaniyi, mkulu anafunika kulapa. The wakale mlembi mosavuta achipembedzo ndi yophiphiritsa maganizo. Izi kutanthauzira zochitika mwa malemba oyera. Onse - onse Chimonko ndi anthu wamba - anali anthu Orthodox onse ndinkayang'ana, kunena Lemba, ndi Providence Auzimu, makamaka Chimonko. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pali kanthu pa zochitika zakale, amene osati kale amafotokozedwa m'Baibulo. Iwo anafuna kusonyeza mmene munthu Orthodox kupulumutsa moyo wake, makamaka pa madzulo a kutha kwa dziko, amene m'masiku amenewo ndi kuopa kuyembekezera Orthodox ndi Akatolika. Choncho n'zosatheka njira chinthu ntchito kuti ntchito zimenezi. Tiyenera kuyang'ana pa iwo matanthauzo anthu amene agwira wolemba. Izi zinakhudza ofufuza kuti, "mawu" pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri.

kampeni Igor ndi

Pamne mu Baibulo, zinanenedwa kuti Semu, Hamu Yafeti, ana a Nowa wolungama anagawa dzikolo, ndipo anali ndi mgwirizano kuti iwo musapyole malire nthaka mzake. dziko lawo, ndipo adzakhala ndi kuteteza, koma yokopa anthu aukali kupita koletsedwa. Apa chiletso ndipo kumaphwanya Igor a. Chaka pamaso nkhondo yake anagonjetsedwa Polovtsy. Ntchitoyi anali sabata lachiwiri la Lenti. Ndipo ndinamenya Lachisanu, ndi tsiku la kusala kudya. Ndipo Yehova anawapereka chigonjetso. Prince Igor analephera kutenga nawo mbali mu kampeni chifukwa ziboda matenda a mahatchi ake anavulazidwa pa ayezi. asilikali Igor zinakakamizika kubwerera. Iye si anapambana ndiye kutchuka.

kukwera zosafunika

Ndipo tsopano iye akufuna, ndipo Cumans wosweka ndi ofooka, iwo akhoza Usalimbane. Iye kukwana chamtsogolo dziko ena si kuteteza, koma kupambana ndi chuma, ndi ulemu, ndi ulemerero. Limodzi ndi kale zoipa ndi zosiyana ndi malamulo a m'Baibulo, ndi kunyada - tchimo lalikulu. Ndipo Mulungu aipatsa chizindikiro - kusiya, akasiya. Izo akutumiza zonse dzuwa kadamsana. Izi wathunthu tsiku kuti ali okha nyenyezi kuonekera mu mlengalenga, ndipo dzuwa limaoneka ngati kachigawo woonda. Choncho limafotokoza Laurentian Chronicle. Koma Igor mwinanso izi sanaime. Iye lathamangira ku refract mkondo, kumwa zipewa madzi, ndiko kupambana dziko Polovtsian. Iye amafuna kutsimikizira kuti chaka chatha sanachite mantha ndi anzake akale Polovtsian ndi nthawi ino, ngakhale zonse, adzaonekera kuti onse amene ali wolimba wankhondo. Ndipo boyars wake mwanjira anapachika mitu yawo. Iwo akumvetsa zimene mayeso adzagwa. Kayala mtsinje basi iwo.

anapitiriza kukwera

Ndipo amaona ndi Igor, ndi m'bale wake, Vsevolod, umene uli m'manja mwa Igor ndi mwana wake Vladimir, ndi mphwake, Prince Svyatoslav, wonenedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi, asilikali, yokutidwa ndi Chifunga. Koma Igor mwawo. Iye akukhulupirira ndi bwino kufa. Zilekeni nkhondo pa mtsinje Kayala kuposa kudikira kuopa kuukira Polovtsian, anakhalabe kunyumba. "Ine ndikufuna, - Iye anati - kapena n'kutsamira mutu wake, kapena kugonjetsa Polovtsy." Inde, kalonga anatembenuka ndi mzimu wodzipereka iwo adzala na mphabvu anzake. Chizindikiro cha Mulungu onse nakweza nakweza. Russian kuwala m'dziko anatsalira iwo. Usiku kudandaula mkuntho, mbalame anauka, monga ngati kuyesera Igor ndinaganiza, agologolo pansi, ndipo iwo muluzi. chirengedwe chonse amamuchititsa kusiya Igor mu njira yake, pa mapeto a omwe ndi imfa.

March ku chiwonongeko

Zizindikiro zoopsa ndi oopsa kulimbikitsa kuganiza za m'tsogolo osati zambiri zomvetsa chisoni zotsatira za asilikali Igor. A akuopsa mimbulu othandizira Polovtzy kale kukhazikika mu zigwembe, kuyembekezera inadvertent nyama, mbalame yolusa pa nkhondo ya mitengo pansi, kuyembekezera pickings. Iwo likukhalira kuti zilombo steppe chisoni Russian, musawope kwa iwo, zingasokoneze iwo ndi mnyozo. Inde, wabwino kuwala m'dziko Russian anatsala kale kumbuyo mapiri - patsogolo mdima wokha wokha. Small, zikwi zisanu M'gulu akuyandikira Don, kulikonse mulole Kayala-mtsinje utuluke. owerenga ino aona mu ankachita masewera Kayala Potudan, amene amalowa Don.

Tmutarakan

Dera limeneli lili m'chigawo cha Taman panopa. Pa Byzantines, iye ankatchedwa mosiyana - Tamatarkha. Koma m'zaka za m'ma XI anali Russian ukulu ndi ambiri Russian ndipo analamulira Chernigov akalonga. Kodi chifukwa cha iye, Igor anaona tsogolo chake, "makolo", mokakamiza zofunkha Polovtsy, zimene ziyenera kubwezedwa. Pa paphiri la Caucasus Mountains, mu m'zigwa, mwina chiyambi cha mtsinje anatenga Kayala. Apa ndi pamene iye anali, ndi tanthauzo, wolemba ndakatulo, kudya. A zomveka tchire mitsinje onse kukasonkhana, pang'onopang'ono madzi, ndi nkhondo kunachitika pa mtsinje Kayala mu chete, neburnom otaya ake.

Usiku woti nkhondo

Long kutha usiku kuyembekezera asilikali Igor nkhondo. wolemba moyenerera ananena kuti tulo a suspense nthawi zonse ngati momvetsa yaitali ndi olakwika. Usiku anatsika pang'onopang'ono m'mawa ... brightens, m'bandakucha likutuluka, kuwala kwake madontho. minda yokutidwa ndi nkhungu. Nightingales chete. Jackdaws ndi kudzutsidwa. Mophiphiritsa pano za kusintha usiku ndi tsiku, chifukwa Nightingale - mbalame usiku, Chough - tsiku. Ndipo asilikali Russian kale m'mawa anafola mwa dongosolo la nkhondo. A polovtsy mofulumira kwambiri, n'kuyambiranso msewu, kudzera zithaphwi ndi gatyam wosakanikirana khamu Igor. Ndi pang'ono kuyamba nkhondo pa mtsinje Kayala (chaka 1185 pamene Kristu).

kukumana koyamba

Koma musati modzidzimutsa Polovtsian. Ndipo Igor ndi kuwerenga pa izo. Igor asilikali anafola kuti nkhondo. Anai a iwo anali zazikulu. Pakati - ndi Regiment wa Igor, kumanja - ndi Regiment Vsevolod kumanzere - Sviatoslav mphwake Igor patsogolo - Vladimir, mwana wa Igor. Iye, poyamba zinali zaka 14. Ndipo iye anali woyamba kulandira kuwawa. Patsogolo anaima pansi zosankhika, zabwino regiments onse oponya mivi.

Ndipo nkhondo inayambika

Short kulankhula Igor analimbikitsa asilikali ake ndi akalonga. Ndipo nkhondo inayambika pa mtsinje Kayala (tsiku - May 5, 1185, Lachisanu). Polovtsi Anamanga oponya mivi awo. Iwo anachotsedwa ananyoza mivi ndi adathamanga kubwerera. Polovtsian nkhondowo dongosolo wawonongedwa. MwaukadauloZida regiments anawathamangitsa. Igor ndi Vsevolod, pang'onopang'ono, anayenda, kusunga dongosolo nkhondo. Mwayi Lachisanu limodzi. Iwo anagwira akaidi, ndipo analanda Polovtsian mokhala woyendayendawu pa ngolo. Part regiments anathamangitsa wodetsedwa yaitali mpaka usiku ndipo anabwerera mokwanira. Malinga ndi Ipatiev Chronicle, Russian pambuyo skirmishes woyamba adakwatira olemera zofunkha. Iwo anali olemera Byzantine nsalu, chikuzika kulikonse, mabulangete ndi bedspreads, outerwear, alimbane ndi ubweya mtengo wokutidwa ndi nsalu wolemera, nsalu ndi ulusi golide, ndi nthungo, ndi horsetail - ponytails pamtengo, ndi chizindikiro cha mphamvu. Bunchuk tsitsi anali utoto wofiira.

Lachiwiri ndi lachitatu tsiku

Mwandakatulo mlembi akuti akubwera kuchokera wakuda nyanja mitambo. limayerekeza ntchito mu wowerengeka ndakatulo chizindikiro cha mdani lilikuyandika. Izi mitambo mkuntho akufuna kubisa akalonga athu wolimba ndi asilikali awo. Ndipo mu mitambo tinthunthumirebe, wothwanima, kuthamangira mphezi buluu violet. Onse kukokera nkhungu. Nkhondo, mwachizolowezi, anayamba patali oponya mivi firefight kuti ikuyenda patsogolo kumanga. Odutsa mphepo m'nyanja, ngati mitambo, anapereka Polovtsy mwayi. mivi molondola kugunda chandamale, pamene asilikali Russian anaulukira ku mbali zonse mwachisawawa. Ngati chizindikiro cha chisoni ndakatulo akunena chithunzi cha mitsinje panopa matope turbid ku malire awo chapamwamba cha mvula. Madzi a matope, kutanthauza chisoni N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti anthu ndakatulo, chosonyeza chithunzi cha tsoka loyembekezereka. Iwo portends Igor anagonjetsedwa Kayala mtsinje. Ndipo fumbi vzmetaetsya mu louma steppe pamaso swirl mkuntho. "Ikutulukira Silushka zoipa, cholakwika." Polovtsev anali kwambiri. Iwo azungulira gulu laling'ono monga nkhalango zowirira, mphete wandiweyani, imene kunali kosatheka kuti kubooleza.

zachisoni kumapeto

masiku atatu kuyesera kutuluka Igor Donets. anthu ludzu zowawa, ndi akavalo kwambiri. Ambiri anafa ndi wovulazidwa mu maalumali Russian. Green papolomoy, mwachitsanzo wakuda maliro nsalu, kuphimba akufa, koma pano tili mu malingaliro kuti yokutidwa ndi udzu.

Kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo kusinja asilikali. Kulimbana ankhondo ndi usiku wachiwiri, ndi kunjenjemera Covo (ankhondo Turkic amene ankakhala ukulu wa Chernigov) m'bandakucha. Igor sanathe iwo. Ndipo pamene ndimabwerera anagwidwa. Iye anawona ndewu m'bale wake Vsevolod, namfunsa, monga mwa amafotokoza za imfa, kuti asaone imfa ya m'bale wake. A asilikali onse Russian opulumutsidwa dazeni anthu. zina anamira.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba asilikali Russian anagonja zoopsa. Izi tsoka makamaka amangiriridwe chidwi kwambiri kuti nkhondo ya Igor. Ndipo nkhani linapangidwa steppe fambani Russian kalonga. A ndi Kayala mtsinje ayenera anati kusaka ake - ntchito geographers mbiri yakale komanso ofukula. Mwina, ndi kuda izo zapita, atapita monga malo Igor nkhondo.