Malingaliro a populism. Chosintha populism. Populism - ndi ...

Zimene tikudziwa populism? Mwina tiyenera kudziwa awo? Pambuyo powerenga nkhaniyi, ndithu kupeza zinthu zatsopano.

Choncho, populism - ndi umoyo ndale kayendedwe ka ndi stratum ena a anzeru, komanso ngati chiphunzitso maganizo a Russian Ufumu, theka lachiwiri la 19 - oyambirira. 20 zaka. Cholinga cha mbali ya malangizo amenewa kunali chitukuko cha chitsanzo mitundu sanali capitalist kusanduka ndi anatengera mwapang'onopang'ono anthu kuti zikhalidwe za moyo wamakono mosalekeza. Populism - ndi dongosolo la malingaliro amene anapambana makamaka m'mayiko ndi chuma ambiri ulimi mu nyumba yosungiramo katundu pa kusintha kwa gawo mafakitale chitukuko (kupatula Russia, zinali Poland ndi Ukraine, maiko Caucasus ndiponso mayiko Baltic).

Pakali pano, asayansi ena amanena kuti nthumwi zake akatulukire kwa misa, wotsogoleredwa osati kufunika ndale mwamsanga Kupha autocracy ndi (ichi chinali cholinga kayendedwe chosintha mu masiku amenewo), koma kufunika mkati mwa mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe - wowerengeka ndi ophunzira. Populism - ndi mtundu wa zosatheka sosholisimu ndi ntchito zina kusintha muzochitika zambiri anthu. Kufala kwa zodabwitsazi chinathandiza umodzi wa mtundu mwa kuchotsa kusiyana kwa magulu ndi kupanga maziko kulenga umodzi anthu mlandu anthu a strata onse.

adayambitsa populism

Iwo anali Herzen ndi Chernyshevsky. Koma zizindikiro woyamba angathe kuonedwa ndi ntchito za A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, ndipo A. Ya Chaadaev, amene ankachita chidwi kwambiri pa nkhani ya chikhalidwe ndi ntchito yake, "choonadi cha moyo." Ndi pano ndipo ali chiyambi chake mu populism Russian.

Herzen

Mu 1830 Herzen anakhala chidwi Hegelianism, ankakhulupirira kuti chinsinsi patsogolo chikhalidwe ayenera kukhala ndi chiyembekezo cha chitukuko laumwini, ndi kuthetsa nkhanza zakakhalidwe ndi wauzimu pa iye. Komabe, anakhumudwa ndi chitukuko cha Europe, anakhulupirira dziko lathu, mu populism mu Russia. Herzen anaona tsogolo lake kusintha ubale chuma, zomwe ndi zochokera umodzi iyenera kusonyezedwa ndi mamembala mwagwirizana anthu. mafunde awa onse populism, anapeza m'deralo. Herzen chidwi ethos osauka mu Russia, kuika awo "mwachibadwa" collectivism kwambiri kuposa zolinga individualistic a azungu. mfundo anakonza iye anapanga maziko a lingaliro lenileni "Russian sosholisimu".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, Komano, anachita chidwi ndi "Westernism" ndi lingaliro lake patsogolo chikhalidwe kwagona pa chikhulupiriro mu padziko lonse chitukuko ndi zachuma, komanso dera la ku Ulaya ndi Russian njira chitukuko. Mosiyana ndi lingaliro la Herzen mtendere wa "sanali chosintha sosholisimu," iye sunaletse kusamvana zachiwawa zina mwa. Chernyshevsky ankadziwa kufunika kwa nthawi yaitali maphunziro ndi ndale ntchito pakati pa anthu kuthetsa ake mavuto akuluakulu chikhalidwe. Izi chithunzi anthu kulimbikitsa mfundo za kumasulidwa kwa amphawi m'dziko popanda malipiro, Kupha bureaucracy ziphuphu, wozengereza kusintha kwa zida boma, gulu la kuderalo wodzilamulira ndi convening vsesoslovnogo mabungwe woimirira ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo malamulo. ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ambiri m'banja anapeza ntchito yake samaitana pa kulimbikitsa ntchito nthawi yaitali, koma ganizo la kusintha chosintha a dziko.

likuyandikira awiriwa - zolimbitsa (aufulu) ndi kwakukulu (chosintha) Populism anakhala chifukwa cha mafunde awiri. Gululi chosintha chitsogozo cha m'ma 1850 mpaka 1881. Pambuyo pa kupha Mfumu Alexander II (1 March 1881) ndipo kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kufupi Ambiri owolowa manja.

Populism - yapadera chikhalidwe chodabwitsa

Magwero a populism amagwirizana ndi mbiri ya mapangidwe a anzeru mu Russia. Lingaliro la chifundo cha tchimo la anthu (Berdyaev) utoto dongosolo lonse la chikumbumtima onse a dziko lathu mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Populism mfundo anayesera kuphatikiza zinthu za Westernism ndi Slavophilism. maganizo awo - njira sanali capitalist chitukuko, tinganene kuti sosholisimu collectivism asayambe m'midzi - akhala alibe ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri nzeru za Russian ndi chikhalidwe. dongosolo lino la malingaliro ambiri muli zinthu yogwira zenizeni, ngakhale utopianism. Pa mtima wa abwino abwino - chikhulupiriro mu abwino ndi zabwino kuti akhoza kusintha dziko lonse bwino. Populists sakhulupirira Mulungu anali otsimikiza okana Mulungu, Komabe, maganizo ife tiri pa mfundo yonena za "sosholisimu" ndi "makhalidwe achikhristu."

Otsatira gulu limeneli anamasulidwa ku chikumbu mtima onse pansi pa kulamulira kwa mpingo, koma anakhalabe miyambo yofala chikhalidwe Mkhristu. Populism mfundo za autocracy anapanga zimakumana njira zina zomveka boma liberalism. Olekerera anaona akuluakulu opanduka, kotero ufumu ikugwirizananso ake okha malo ndiwofatsa, zomwe pamapeto pake anafulumira imfa yake.

Directions akavalidwe

Malinga ndi digiri ya radicalism amadziŵika:

• Pa ndiwofatsa;
• owolowa manja, chosintha;
• umoyo-chosintha populism;
• anarchist.

phiko ndiwofatsa anali kugwirizana ndi slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). ntchito zake ndi wamng'ono anaphunzira ndipo ukufanizidwa makamaka ndi ntchito ya ndodo ya magazini "Mlungu" Chervinsky P. ndi I. Kablitz.

Oimira aufulu-chosintha (centrist) phiko la 60-70s kwa zaka za m'ma 19: Elisha ( "Contemporary" magazini), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "mbiri Zapakhomo"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov ndi zina . Tonga ideologues wake anali Lavrov ndi Mikhailovsky.
Othandiza chikhalidwe chosintha malangizo Narodnichestvo walunjika Tkachev ndi kumlingo sanakhutire Morozov aiming pa kulimbikitsa kukonzekera yaitali ndi kukhudzana chikhalidwe. Iwo anafotokoza mfundo ya mathamangitsidwe, kufulumiza ulimi.

Anarchist phiko anatsutsa kusintha mkati mwa dziko. Populists anarchist Kropotkin ndi Bakunin ankakayikira boma, kuphatikizapo muukapolo ake ndi kupondereza ufulu wa munthu. Mwamwayi, izo nyimbo pa udindo kwambiri zowononga, koma anali chiphunzitso njira zosiyanasiyana zabwino.

The zibonga woyamba ndi mabungwe

Mu zaka 1856-1858 panali propaganda bwalo pa University Kharkov. Mu 1861 izo m'malo ndi mgwirizano anabwera pansi pa utsogoleri wa Pedaya ndi PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo mu Moscow. mamembala ake ali njira yokhayo kusintha zenizeni ozungulira ankaona kusintha.

"Land and Ufulu"

Amphamvu kwambiri chinsinsi gulu la St. Petersburg mu zaka 1861-1864 anali "Land and Ufulu". mamembala ake (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, hoops, Utin, Rymarenko) analota za "zinthu zisinthe." Pulogalamu ya Society pankakhala kulanda dziko Amaya (wakonzedwa dipo), m'malo akuluakulu onse osankhidwa akuluakulu, kuchepetsa ndalama asilikali komanso yachifumu. Komabe, zinthu zimenezi sanalandire chithandizo chokwanira pakati pa anthu, ndi chifukwa bungwe inasokonekera, otsala ngakhale atapeza ntchito achifumu inali.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina anthu chosintha anachokera mwa bwalo, mamembala a bungwe "Land and Ufulu" a. Cholinga chake chinali kukonzekera wamba zisinthe ndi magulu chiwembu aluntha. Pofuna kubweretsa moyo wa maganizo a Chernyshevsky kulenga zokambirana ndi cooperatives, mamembala a anthu anatsegula mu Moscow sukulu ufulu mu 1865, kumanga ndi zokambirana kusoka, anachititsa zokambirana zokhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulankhula, ndi ogwira Lyudinovo ironworks kuchigawo Kaluga, anakhazikitsa fakitale thonje pa maziko a Association mu 1865 mu chigawo Mozhaisk. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky anakonza kuthawa m'ndende, koma ntchito zawo ankafunika April 4, 1866 kuphedwa pofuna Karakozov, mmodzi wa mamembala a chimangidwe, mfumu. Pankhaniyi oposa 2,000 populists ndabwera pansi pa kufufuzidwa, 36 anaweruzidwa kuti miyeso osiyana mphamvu (Karakozov - anapachikidwa Ishutin anaikidwa m'ndende yayekha ku Shlisselburg linga, komwe kenako anapita misala).

"Kuphedwa Anthu"

Bungweli kutsogoleredwa ndi Nechayev ankaimira gulu kwakukulu kwa populism ndi unakhazikitsidwa mu 1869 ku Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Iwo unali ndi anthu 77. cholinga chake komanso kukonza "Kukwera anthu". Sergei Nechayev zopezeka zotentheka bungwe ndi kusowa kwa mfundo, chinyengo ndi kupondereza. Against iye momasuka kulimbikitsa P. L. Lavrov, amene ankakhulupirira kuti "palibe munthu ayenera pachiswe pokhapokha koyenera kutero makhalidwe chiyero kulimbana ndi ayenera sudzaonetsa wina dontho owonjezera magazi." Nechayev amatchedwa mantha, akatiputa. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti njira zimenezi adzakhala othandiza kwambiri kumasula mode, adzabweretsa tsogolo labwino. Ivanov, kulankhuka motsutsana Nechayev, patapita mlandu woukira boma ndi kupha. Police anatsegula chokhumudwitsa chigawenga, ndipo mutu wa bungwe anathawira kunja, koma anapezeka, anagwidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu ngati chigawenga.

mfundo iyi sinapite pachabe, ndipo ananyezimiritsa mu lingaliro chosintha ndi mayiko ena. Choncho, timakumana populism (m'ma XX) mu kayendedwe populist la mayiko lachitatu dziko kwa zaka zambiri.