Kodi yoyamba: mawu

Mwina ena a achinyamata adzakhala kufotokoza kapena ingoganizani cottager. mawu anagwa kuchokera chinenero tsiku ndi tsiku. Anthu achikulire kusonkhana mawu ambiri ndi maganizo oti "Bachala", koma tanthauzo lake ndi okulira kwambiri.

ndi osokoneza akuti

mawu ali ofanana matanthauzo ambiri. Iwo zahrebetnik ndi wantchito, wantchito ndi sharecropper, wantchito ndi Bachala ndi umodzi, nezhenatik osati anakakhala, osati mwini, ngakhale wansembe ndi proletarian. Kufotokoza ofanana matanthauzo onse, kotero inu mukhoza kuyankha funso la chimene cottager. Ichi ndi munthu, alibe nyumba kapena nyumba. Kumene, mkazi ngakhale. Bach - osati wofanana lofanana. Mawu akuti "bach" ali ndi mitundu zomvetsa chisoni. Izi makamaka munthu si yekhayo, koma kani zosafunika osati chidwi, atasauka ndipo wopemphapempha (olemera zambiri kugula chidwi lokha), amadera wosasangalala mu ukalamba wake, pamene kanthu kusintha tsoka lake.

Kuonetsa mitu mabuku ndi luso

Munthu wotereyu watikoka V. G. Perov. A chithunzi yaing'ono amatchedwa "woyimba gitala-bach". Uyu Kalanga ali Musanyengedwe ndi chiyembekezo. Wosauka, ndi maso atathana zikumangidwa moyo wa munthu, mu dziko lino palibe amene akufuna. Iye anawalola shabby, koma nsapato zake ndi jekete izo angakwanitse vinyo, iye imayimba nyimbo. Komabe, wake wachisoni kwambiri. Ndipo palibe mmodzi ntchito zoyenera kwa anthu wotayika. Sergei Yesenin ali kukanikiza pakati nkhani "Bobyl ndi mnzako." Admirers ya Sergei Lemeshev bwino "Song pokhala wakunja" kwa repertoire wake, limene limayamba ndi mawu akuti "Osati nyumba kapena nyumba."

kalasi chowonjezera

Choncho ndi zimene yoyamba? Zomvetsa chisoni kopanda mwamuna? Ndipo uyu, nayenso. Koma akuti mizu mwa kutali kale (woyamba Buku 1500 amatanthauza chaka), amaimira mtundu winawake wa alimi. Kamornikov, Bobylev, holupnikami, kutnikami amatchedwa opanda minda kapena mamembala dzikolo osauka a kalasi. Chifukwa bobyli mtheradi umphawi iwo wolembedwawo mwamantha chakudya. Anthu awa anali wosauka kwambiri moti pa nthawi ina sanali msonkho ndipo amatchedwa - bestyagolnye, netyaglovye. Koma kuyambira 1631 bobyli, anali bwalo lake, anakhala nawo tipeze ndalama ndi ntchito utumiki. Koma kuyambira 1679-TH zitsulo ngati bobyli msonkho umene chotero, inde ndipo sipadzakhalanso alimi. Pankhaniyi, funso limene lili cottager akhoza anayankha motere: iye ndi munthu, amene anakakamizika kuchita ntchito yolipidwa.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, bobyli choyamba anaonekera pa mapeto a XV atumwi ku Moscow. Mawu amenewa amatchedwa atumiki a mgwirizano. zinthu iwo zinaipa kwambiri kuposa anthu amene ali mu ukapolo ndi mwini chifukwa cottager anachita mu utumiki wa mbuye, ufulu wawo wonse, ndipo pambali, komabe anayenera kulipira msonkho uliwonse (ambiri a iwo anali msonkho dipo malipiro ufulu wawo). Mu anasiya ndalama ndi chosatheka ndalama zawo ndipo anabwera ndi sangakhale poipa.

Galu anthu osauka

Ziribe kanthu momwe kutanthauzira mawu ambiri, chofunika ndi amene amatchedwa opanda minda, anali anthu osauka Russia. Monga tanenera kale, nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti anaonekera mu zoyambirira za m'ma XVI. Moscow alembi ntchito mawu pamodzi ndi "pozemschikami" ndi "anthu nepashennymi." Pansi Maina onsewa amanena za anthu amene alibe m'dziko lawo. Iwo anali amisiri ndi anthu mafakitale: blacksmiths ndi Sweden Kalachnikov, cobblers, abusa. Zikuphatikizapo ena kalembera Zemsky madikoni ndi wamsonkho. Ndi udindo bobylkam ndi akazi amasiye osauka.

Misonkho lolipiridwa ndi onse

Monga tanenera kale, anthu amene anawaitana opanda minda ndi msonkho, komanso alimi, monga zonse mu Russia. Iwo kulipira yamskih ndi loonekera ndalama (mitundu ya msonkho), koma misonkho awa umene mosiyana. Ngati misonkho pa wamba anatenga Soham (msonkho malipiro unit wa misonkho ku Russia pa XIII m'ma XVII), kuchokera opanda minda ndi anthu nepashennyh anatenga mimba zawo, ntchito zamanja ndi mayadi. Motero malinga "mazana" (mlembi kapena buku nkhani) mu 1627 ndi misonkho ya anthu wamba anatenga pa olimapo ndi dziko, ndi opanda minda - nsomba ndi mimba. Mu mabuku awa, mawu akuti "Bachala" - mwalamulo akuti, kumatsimikizira amene Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira wina lake, limene misonkho Levy.

Mdima mawanga mu mbiri

Ndiyeno, ndithudi, akafunsa kuti, n'chifukwa mwamphamvu ndiponso yomveka "pozemschiki" kapena "nepashennye anthu" m'zaka za m'ma XVI, wakhala m'malo samveka mawu "Bachala". Pali zambiri wosadziwika, paliponse mu bukuli silinena chifukwa chake. "Nepashennye anthu" kwakukulukulu sanali okha, ali banja, nthawi zina panali opeza wamba, zomwe sizinachitikepo anati kwa opanda minda ya. oimira City a m'gulu limeneli anali mu utumiki, komanso osawuka bobyli analibe kanthu. Ngati iwo anatenga dzikolo ndi ntchito, kokha pokonza, koma sanaike bwalo lake. Nthawi zambiri bobyli-wamba ankakhala m'malo kachiwiri ankachitira m'dziko anthu ena ndipo analipira msonkho uliwonse. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mkubwela kwa XVII m'zaka za serfdom ndi ubwenzi osauka tsopano kwathunthu mmwamba mu chilungamo zangotuluka opanda minda ya.

Lakutali ndipo aiwala

Kukhala opanda minda, ine ndinali kulemba "bobylskuyu kupereka msonkho umboni", chimene munthu akapanda ufulu, ndi chakudya ndi zovala zina analandira ntchito kokha. Pa mawu akuti anavomera anthu okha osauka kwambiri, chifukwa iwo kwenikweni ganyu ku ukapolo. Pankhaniyi, mawu akuti "Bachala" ndi ofanana ndi mawu "proletarian": awiriwo Palibe vuto koma unyolo awo.

Ndithudi, bach - liwu lomwe lili ndi tanthauzo zoposa chimodzi, ngati inu wofufuza akamanena za funsolo. M'badwo pano, kufuna ufulu mtheradi, zikuoneka zakutchire, ngakhale mawu akuti "Bachala", kodi pali cottager. Mawu amenewa pamene ankaona mkati tanthauzo. Ndipo funso lokhudza mmene mawu amatchedwa mlimi amene alibe malo, kuyankha angapo.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti etymology akuti alinso si bwino. Pali njira zambiri, koma zikuoneka zambiri amene kulumikiza chiyambi cha mawu ndi "nyemba" - chizindikiro cha umphawi wadzaoneni. "Khalani pa nyemba" - kutaya zonse.