8. mkazi wa Henry Mfumu ya England wa Tudor mafumu ndi mkazi wake

England Mfumu Henry 8 ndi imodzi yotchuka kwambiri ndipo mwina maganizo olamulira mu mbiri ya dziko lino. Pa dzanja limodzi, iye analimbitsa kwambiri mphamvu anapereka kwa kulimbitsa a boma, koma pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wake sankawabisira miliri, zokhota ndi kukonzanso wa a chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe.

General khalidwe la ulamuliro

m'ma 16 inali nthawi kulimbikitsa pakati mphamvu England. Kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa mfumu ankayesetsa kuti amathandiza ulamuliro wake. Mu gawo iye anachitira izo, koma kufunika kusintha anapitiriza zinali zosachita kufunsa. Komanso anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti boma alibe kwathunthu anachira patatha wamagazi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, amene wakhala pamavuto aakulu. Mu zinthu izi, ndipo ndinafika ku mpando wachifumu wa mfumu yatsopano ya England, Henry 8.

ntchito yake yaikulu ndi yaikulu inali kupereka maziko chikhalidwe cha mphamvu zake. Poyamba iye amapereka Chikatolika, papa ndi Austria banja lolamulira la Habsburg, kukwatira Mfumu Charles V. azakhali Koma posachedwapa anasintha ndondomeko wake. Ifuna thandizo mkati mwa anthu otchuka English, iye anapita ku miyeso kwambiri kwambiri, womwe ndi kulandidwa katundu kumene kumakhala Amonke ndi dziko, ndipo ichi chinali chiyambi cha Katolika ku dziko.

mavuto banja ndi kusiya Rome

Mkazi woyamba wa Henry 8 ali azakhali mbadwa ya mfumu ya ku Austria ndi Spanish banja lolamulira la Habsburg. Iye anali zaka zingapo wamkulu kuposa iye, nampatsa alibe mwana wamwamuna. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha chilakolako cha mfumu kukwatira kachiwiri: dziko anafunika wolowa ufumu. Yofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi chinthu munthu: kazembe ndi utagwa kwambiri chikondi ndi mdzakazi Mfumukazi ya ulemu, yomwe inkafuna kulembetsa ukwati. Onse zifukwa pamwamba zinachititsa chakuti iye anapempha chilolezo Papa lithe. Komabe, yotsirizira anakana kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti iye anali mchikakamizo cha Charles V, amene, ndithudi, sankafuna chakuti chilekano zinachitika pa mfumu English ndi wachibale magazi ake. Pamenepo mfumu anapita kwa chotupa momasuka ndi Rome, kulengeza yekha mutu wa mpingo. Iye analekana ndi mkazi wake ndi anakwatiwanso.

ukwati yachiwiri

The mkazi watsopano Henry 8 Anna anakhala mfumukazi, koma mgwirizano momvetsa chisoni iye. Poyamba, azilemekeza analamulira chilolezo, koma mfundo ndi yakuti posachedwapa Mfumu anapeza ankakonda latsopano lomwe kenako anakwatiwa ndi amene anali ndi yaitali wolowa. Zaka ingapo mfumukazi wamng'ono mlandu chigololo ndi mutu mu Tower. mwana wake Elizabeti anadzakhala Mfumukazi ya England, ndipo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wake, Anne Boleyn mokwanira asintha khalidwe lawo.

ukwati wotsatira

Chachitatu mkazi Dzheyn Seymur anakhala mfumu, unachokera osankhika lolemera mafumu. Mfumu tisatengere, zaka za ukwati wake Anna. Iye kale anayamba poyera kuliyang'anira, chimene chinapangitsa kuti mkwiyo ndi kuipidwa wa mkazi wake. Pomwepo ataphedwa wake, anakwatira mbuye wake watsopano, nalalikira ake mfumukazi yatsopano. Mkazi wa Henry 8, mosiyana ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo, anali wofatsa ndi bata m'mutu ndi chiyani saletsa m'zochitika za ndale ndi makonzedwe. Kamodzi kokha iye anaimirira ophunzira achipembedzo Haji kugalukira kumene kunachitika chifukwa cha kutulukira mfumu ndi mpingo wa Katolika. Iye anali wofatsa, achipembedzo ndi azimvetsa beleaguered Mfumukazi Mary. Mfumukazi wamng'ono kusangalatsa aliyense pa bwalo, kokha Achiprotestanti anali wosasangalala, poopa kuti akavomereza mfundo mfumu ya kukonzanso. Komabe, Dzheyn Seymur akhadzudzumika anali kubereka wolowa kwa mwamuna wake, ndi zimene akanatha, koma iye yekha anafa malungo puerperal patapita masiku angapo. Anakhalabe ndiwotani mkazi wolamulira, amene anapatsa kuti wamuika m'manda pafupi kwa iye.

ukwati chinang'ambika

The mkazi chachinayi cha Henry 8, anali mwana wa Duke wa Cleves. Iye anali Chiprotestanti, ndi otsatira a chipembedzo atsopano akudalira ukwati, poganiza kuti mfumukazi yatsopano awathandiza. ubwenziwu zinachitika pasadakhale, ndi mafotokozedwe a Mfumu, mkwatibwi watsopano anali mmodzi zabwino. Anna Klevskaya azimukonda akazembe amene anatsimikizira wolamulira wawo, kuti iye anasankha bwino. Mfumu anaganiza kuti tipeze zimene mkazi wake, amene anali atafika kale mu dziko. Posachedwapa, mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi munthu payekha kwa chomwecho ndi mfumu anadza. Iye analankhula kwa maola angapo ndi wolemekezeka, koma iye anadandaula kwambiri. mkwiyo onse anabweretsa pa kazembe, amene anakonza ukwati uwu. Patapita nthawi, a chilamulo, ngakhale kuti mgwirizano ukwati kale anasaina, anakwanitsa kuletsa ubwenziwu. Anna Klevskaya linasiyidwa dziko mu udindo wa mlongo wake wokondedwa wa mfumu, amene anamupatsa zili wowolowa manja ndipo ngakhale kukamuona, pambuyo kulephera kupeza chinenero naye.

The mabanja otsatirawa

Mkazi wa Henry 8, wachisanu, kudawerengedwa kwa msuweni wachiwiri wa mkazi wa mfumu. Iwo amangopitabe tsoka yomweyo, ngakhale banja loyamba ankaoneka bwino. Young Mfumukazi Ekaterina Govard zinali zabwino, koma homely kwambiri mkazi. Choncho, iye anapereka ku bwalo la okondedwa awo akale. Komanso, amalume ake kunapezeka kuti kwambiri adani amene akuyesetsa kupeputsa kukopa kwake pa khoti. Posakhalitsa panali umboni mtsikanayu, kunapezeka kuti iye anali pa chibwenzi ndi kukwatiwa patsogolo. Iye mlandu wa chigololo, limene ukugwira kuti mlandu boma. Iye anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa mu Tower.

Last mkazi Ekaterina Parr anali mfumu. Anali namwali wochenjera kwambiri. Iye anasonyeza zokambirana chidwi kufunafuna tipezekemo thandizo la achibale ndi anzake a mwamuna wake. Ndipo iye anakwanitsa. Iye anali wabwino kwambiri, ubwenzi pafupifupi kucheza ndi Mfumukazi Elizabeth. Nayenso anatha kupeza mu wolowa chipani, pang'ono Edward, ngakhale poyamba mantha kwambiri ondipeza wake watsopano. Ndipo yekha ndi mwana wamkulu wa mfumu, Maria, ali sunayambe ubwenzi. Mfumu akadali ankangokayikira kwambiri osati kamodzi anali kuyesera kuti akagwire mkazi wake, koma nthawi iliyonse kulephereka zochita zake. Mwina kuti anathandiza komanso chifukwa chakuti thanzi lake mofulumira sakuyenda. Choncho, Ekaterina Parr anali mkazi yekha mfumu, amene anapulumuka, ndipo anapulumuka iye.

Lowunikira la banja

Chotero mavuto a banja la Mfumu anakhala chinthu chidwi asayansi, olemba mbiri, olemba ndi analemba. Ambiri kuyang'ana zimayambitsa khalidwe mu khalidwe la mfumu. Ndipotu, chikhalidwe cha mfumu anali sachedwa kupsa mtima ndi mosayembekezeka. Koma ndithudi chakuti mavuto amenewa anali chifukwa cha zowawa bwalo yolimbirana mphamvu monga gulu lililonse anafuna kukhala kukopa kwake ndi udindo. Choncho Henry 8 ndi akazi 6 anakhala phunziro la akatswiri kwambiri kufufuza. Palibe kukayika kuti mavutowa ayenera anafuna komanso mavuto m'banja ndale, limene likugwirizana ndi Reformation, yopuma ndi Mpingo wa Katolika ndi kusintha mfundo yachilendo. Anthu ambiri amaona kuti moyo banja la King, osati nkhani ya kusintha mkhalidwe lake, komanso m'njira onse, ndicho mu chimango cha zotsutsana ndi Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti maphwando kunyumba yachifumu. Choncho, ulamuliro wa Henry 8, kuwonjezera pa kulimbikitsa likulu la boma, zinali zodzaza ndi mavuto aakulu mkati.

Amlowam'malo wolamulira

Pambuyo pa imfa ya ulamuliro wa mfumu inayamba, mwana wake Edward 6, amene amakhala ndi thanzi osauka kwambiri. Ndipotu, pamene regents anali abale ake, oimira Protestant phwando. Motero, ngakhale kuti otsatira ake olimba, koma posakhalitsa mfumu wamng'ono anafa, ndi mpando wachifumu, mwana wa Henry 8, kwa mkazi wake woyamba. Iye anali Mkatolika, ndipo mu ulamuliro anayamba kubwezeretsa udindo wa Mpingo wa Chiroma. Panthawi imeneyi Achiprotestanti anazunzidwa ndi ambiri anali wosasangalala ndi ndondomeko ya mfumukazi watsopano, amene wakwatiwa ndi chipembedzo Spanish mfumu Katolika. Komabe, pambuyo pa imfa yake, anthu otchuka Protestant anaikidwa mwana wina wamkazi wa mfumu mochedwa. Mayi ake anali Anne Boleyn, koma sanaleke kusankha. chakuti Elizabeti anathandiza kumbali ya chikhulupiriro chatsopano. Mu ulamuliro wake, malo a mpingo wa England mphamvu. Komanso, anatengera lamulo umene kachikhulupiriro atsopano anayamba boma. Pamene anali kutsirizitsa kwa dongosolo umoyo ndale, amene anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe pa kuloŵedwa ake awiri.

mtengo nthawi

Mu mbiri ya England, anati nyengo unachita mbali mwachangu. M'zaka izi anapanga gulu la ufumu zochokera otchuka watsopano, amene analandira dziko inalandidwa ku mchitidwe. Uyu wakhala chamankhwala chodalirika mukudziwa wachifumu English. Olamulira, kuyambira ndi Henry 8, analenga dongosolo la kasamalidwe utsogoleri, amene anapanga maziko a dongosolo umoyo ndale za boma. Komanso, nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth I, panali maluwa a chikhalidwe English. Mfumukazi yekha ankalimbikitsa andakatulo, olemba, kanjedza chikhalidwe. Pamene inakhalapo dziko English zisudzo, chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse.

Mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi England ali kukodzedwa dera ake pamudzipo. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi kuzungulira dziko F. Drake. Ndiponso anakhazikitsa asapita zamtendere ndi Russia. Mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi ndi amodzi a malo ŵa mu mbiri osati England, komanso lonse oyambirira ano nthawi European konse.

The zithunzi chikhalidwe

Henry 8, mkazi wake ndi Amlowam'malo yomweyo akhala chinthu luso kwa olemba, analemba, atsogoleri. Mmodzi wa mabuku wotchuka kwambiri nthawi imeneyi - mankhwala a Mark awiri, "The Prince ndi opemphetsa", khalidwe chachikulu ndi mwana wa mfumu, chimene chinachitika kusintha malo ndi mnyamata osauka kwambiri ngati iye. Mtengo wa buku ili kuti momveka bwino ndipo akusonyeza anafotokoza zenizeni British zaka zana la 16. Mumadziwika ndi buku la mkazi chimodzi wolemba D. Pleydi 'a Henry 8 ". Ntchito imeneyi ndi amphamvu ndi chidwi chiwembu otchulidwa chidwi ndi nyimbo pachiyambi.

Mu nyimbo,

Mu nyimbo zachikhalidwe, zithunzi izi zimapezekanso mawu. Mwachitsanzo, dziko wotchuka Italy Wolemba amagwiritsa kulemba Donizetti "Anna Bolena." Mlembi yemweyo ali opera za Elizabeth kuti amasangalala chimodzimodzi otchuka. Zimasonyeza chakuti nkhani ya English mbiri chidwi Italy wopeka nyimbo. Izi zikusonyeza kutchuka lalikulu la maphunziro awa mu chikhalidwe European.

Mu filimu,

Mafumu ulamuliro amakopeka otsogolera ano. Mwachitsanzo, filimu "The Other Boleyn Bakuman" imene amatchulatchula filimu. Mumadziwika mndandanda English zaka odzipereka kwa ufumu wake. zilembo zonse weniweni iye; mwachitsanzo, heroine mmodzi wa mndandanda woyamba ndi Ekaterina Aragonskaya. "The Tudors" anatchuka kwambiri TV zino kosonyeza chidwi anthu mu nthawi ankaona. Mmodzi wa mafilimu wotchuka ndi chithunzi cha "Elizabeth. The Golden Age. " Ndi bwino kwambiri kulengedwanso nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi. Chifukwa chidwi imeneyi kwagona kuti nthawi pansi kuphunzira kusintha mu mbiri ya England ndi mbiri European wonse. Izo zinali ndiye anapanga Institute of ufumu ndi abwino mitundu States ndi m'mayiko.