Chisumeriya nthano mwachidule

Chisumeriya chitukuko ndi nthano Chisumeriya ndi imodzi mwa wamkulu mu mbiri ya anthu. The Golden Age a anthu amene anali mu Mesopotamia (Iraq lero), kunachitika mu lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Chisumeriya gulu inkakhala kwambiri a milungu yosiyanasiyana, mizimu ndi mizukwa, ndipo ena a iwo anapulumuka zikhulupiriro za mbewu wotsatira wa East wakale.

mbali Common

maziko amene anali nthano Chisumeriya ndi chipembedzo chikhulupiriro limodzi mwa milungu yambiri, mizimu, milungu demiurge, amateteza zachilengedwe ndi boma. Ndi zotsatira za anthu akale kucheza ndi oyamwitsa dziko lake. chikhulupiriro uyu anali chiphunzitso lachinsinsi kapena chiphunzitso chikale mmene zinalili ndi chikhulupiriro, anabereka zipembedzo masiku ano dziko - kuchokera Chikhristu Chisilamu.

Chisumeriya nthano ali ndi makhalidwe angapo ofunika. Iye anazindikira kuti kuli maiko awiri - dziko la milungu ndi dziko la zochitika, zomwe zimatsatira. Aliyense mzimu anali munthu izo - iye anali ndi makhalidwe a zinthu zamoyo.

Vigil

Mulungu wamkulu wa Sumerians ankaona Ahn (osiyana kalembedwe - Anu). Iye analipo kale kulekana kwa dziko lapansi Sky. Iye limafanizira mlangizi ndi woyang'anira msonkhano wa milungu. Nthawi zina iye adazhangalira anthu Mwachitsanzo, kamodzi osautsika mzinda wa Uruk temberero monga ng'ombe lakumwamba ndipo ankafuna kupha ngwazi za nthano zakale za Gilgamesh. Ngakhale, ambiri a An wofooka ndi kungokhala chete. Umulungu waukulu mu nthano Chisumeriya anali chizindikiro chake pa mawonekedwe a tiara nyanga.

An kuzindikiridwa ndi mutu wa banja ndi kazembe wa boma. Kufanizira The akuwonetseredwa mu chifaniziro cha demiurge ndi zizindikiro za mphamvu wachifumu: ndodo yake, korona ndi ndodo. Iwo Ahn anali chachinsinsi "INE." Choncho anthu a ku Mesopotamiya otchedwa magulu Mulungu kulamulira dziko lapansi ndi dziko wakumwamba.

Enlil (Enlil) Sumerians ankaona chachiwiri mulungu zofunika kwambiri. Iwo anamutcha Mbuye wa mphepo kapena mbuye nkhonya. nyama adzalamulira dziko, inali pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi kumwamba. Chinthu china chofunika zomwe zikutsindika za nthano Chisumeriya: Enlil ali ntchito ambiri, koma iwo onse wiritsani pansi ku ulamuliro pa mphepo ndi mpweya. Motero, chinthu cha umulungu.

Enlil ankaona mkulu wa maiko onse achilendo kwa Sumerians. Mu anayesetsa kukonza madzi osefukira, ndipo amachita chirichonse athamangitsidwe kuchokera chuma chawo ndi mlendo kwa iye. Mzimu umenewu akhoza limanenedwa ngati mzimu wa kuthengo, kukana timu anthu amene anayesa akhalemo m'chipululu. Enlil mndime mafumu chifukwa kunyalanyaza nsembe miyambo ndi maholide wakale. Powalanga, mulungu amatumiza dziko mtendere ankhanza mafuko phiri. Enlil kugwirizana ndi malamulo a chilengedwe cha uthunthu, pa nthawi, ukalamba, imfa. Mu mmodzi wa mzinda waukulu Chisumeriya wa Nippur, iye ankaona woyang'anira awo. Kumeneko anapeza kalendala yakale ya chitukuko zinatha.

Enki

Ngati nthano ina yakale Chisumeriya nthano m'gulu chimodzimodzi njira zosiyana. Choncho, mtundu wa "odana Enlil" anali Enki (EA) - mbuye wa dziko lapansi. Iye ankaona woyang'anira madzi, ndi anthu onse. Ambuye wa dziko anawalamula mbali mmisiri, ndi waluso wamatsenga, kuphunzitsa luso lawo milungu wamng'ono, amene nawonso, kugawana maluso awa ndi anthu wamba.

Enki - ndi protagonist la nthano Chisumeriya (mmodzi wa atatu pa ndime ndi Enlil ndi Anu), ndipo kuti icho chinali kutchedwa kumbuyo maphunziro, nzeru, ntchito zamanja ndi masukulu yaulembi. mulungu ichi munthu wa gulu anthu, kuyesera kuti agonjetse chilengedwe ndi kusintha malo awo. Nthawi zambiri kuti Enki analankhula pa nkhondo ndi mavuto ena aakulu. Koma mu nthawi mtendere maguwa ake ansembe anali kanthu, palibe nsembe chidachitika, kotero koyenera kuti zikope tcheru wa milungu.

Inanna

Kuwonjezera pa milungu zitatu zazikulu mu nthano Chisumeriya anali otchedwa milungu mkulu, kapena milungu ya dongosolo chachiwiri. Mwa ichi n'chinthu chofunikira gulu la Inanna. Koposa zonse amadziwika monga Ishtar (atazindikira ndi dzina zimene kenako ntchito komanso ku Babulo pachimake). Chifanizo cha Inanna, anaonekera Sumeri, chitukuko ichi sanafe ndipo anapitiriza ankalambira Mesopotamia, ndipo chaposachedwapa. kuda ake agona ngakhale zikhulupiriro Igupto, koma ambiri izo wakhalapo kwa masiku amakedzana.

Choncho zimene zikuchitika Inanna Chisumeriya nthano? Iye ankaona wamkazi kugwirizana ndi dziko Venus ndi asilikali ndi kukhudzika kwa chikondi. Iwo ophatikizapo mmene anthu, elemental mphamvu ya chilengedwe, ndi ukazi anthu. Inanna otchedwa mtsikana-wankhondo - iye ankalimbikitsa mchitidwe ogonana, koma iye sanasiye kubadwa. mulungu ili mu nthano Chisumeriya anali kugwirizana ndi mchitidwe wa uhule wopatulika.

Marduk

Monga taonera, mzinda uliwonse Chisumeriya ali woyang'anira yake mulungu (mwachitsanzo, Enlil mu Nippur). Mbali imeneyi wakhala kugwirizana ndi peculiarities ndale za chitukuko wakale Mesopotamiya. Sumerians pafupifupi konse, kupatula nthawi yosowa kwambiri, sanakhale moyo mmodzi boma centralized. Kwa zaka zingapo, m'mizinda yawo anali ovuta yense. Aliyense Pamudzi ndi palokha ndipo motero a yemweyo chikhalidwe, chinenero ndi chipembedzo zokhudza.

Chisumeriya ndipo atazindikira nthano za Mesopotamia kumanzere kuda ake mu manda m'mizinda yambiri ya Mesopotamiya. Anakhudzidwa ndi izo ndi chitukuko cha Babulo. Pa nthawi ina anakhala mumzinda waukulu wa Kale, amene anapanga yake yapadera chitukuko, omwe anakhala maziko a ufumu waukulu. Komabe, mu Chiyambi chake ngati yaing'ono Babulo Chisumeriya Pamudzi. Ndi pamene ankaona woyang'anira woyera wa Marduk. Ofufuzawa kuvomereza kuti milungu khumi okalamba, amene anabereka nthano Chisumeriya.

Mwachidule, mtengo wa Marduk mu gulu linakula pamodzi ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono wa andale ndi azachuma ya Babulo. chifaniziro chake ndi zovuta - zoti wake, ali ndi zinthu EA, Enlil ndipo Shamash. Monga Inanna anali kugwirizana ndi Venus, Jupiter anali kugwirizana ndi Marduk. Written makedzana amatchula machiritso mphamvu yake yapadera ndi luso la machiritso.

Pamodzi ndi Atemi Guloy Marduk akanatha kudzutsa anthu akufa. Komanso chipembedzo Chisumeriya kuika mu malo woyang'anira za ulimi wothirira, popanda zomwe sipangakhale chuma chuma cha mizinda Middle East. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Marduk ankaona mtumiki wa ulemerero ndi mtendere idzayamba. gulu lake la mpatuko anafika pachimake pa Neo-Babulo (VII-VI zaka. BC), pamene Sumerians amakhala kalekale mbisoweka ku siteji mbiri ndiponso m'chinenero chawo aiwala.

Marduk ndi Tiamat

Ndiyamika mapale a zilembo anasunga nthano zambiri anthu a ku Mesopotamia. Kukangana za Marduk ndi Tiamat - mmodzi wa mitu yaikulu, zomwe zili m'mabuku olembedwa Chisumeriya nthano. milungu ankakonda kumenyana pakati pawo - nkhani ngati amadziwika ku Greece wakale, amene anali akufalitsa nthano ya Gigantomachia.

The Sumerians Tiamat anali kugwirizana ndi nyanja ya chisokonezo imene dziko anabadwa. chithunzi ichi kumayambitsa zikhulupiriro cosmogonic akuluakulu akale. Tiamat kumujambula hydra semigolovoy ndi chinjoka. Marduk anamutengera nkhondo, onyamula kalabu, uta ndi maukonde. Mulungu limodzi namondwe ndipo mphepo ya kumwamba, ndipo anawaitana kulimbana ndi zoopsa za kwaiye mdani wamphamvu.

Aliyense mpatuko wakale njira yakeyake matriarchs. M'Mesopotamiya, izo ankaona zinali Tiamat. Chisumeriya nthano anampatsa zinthu zambiri zoipa, chifukwa cha zomwe motsutsa izo ndi atatembenukira milungu ina. Marduk kuti anasankhidwa kukhala otsala a gulu pa nkhondo zoopsa ndi nyanja chisokonezo. Anakumana ndi mayi wapachiyambi, iye mantha maonekedwe ake lowopsya, koma anagwirizana nkhondo. Kukonzekera nkhondo Marduk anathandiza zosiyanasiyana milungu nthano Chisumeriya. The ziwanda amafotokozera madzi Lahmu Lahamu ndi inampatsa Iye mphamvu kuti akaitane chigumula. mizimu ina anakonza zina za nkhokwe ya wankhondo.

Kulankhuka motsutsana Tiamat, Marduk walola kuti akamenyane ndi-chisokonezeko nyanja kuwombola kuzindikira milungu kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi mwini. ndi ndikupeleka zogwirizana wakhala anamaliza pakati pawo. Pa nthaŵi yofunika nkhondo ya Marduk atafika ku nsagwada za Tiamat mkuntho, kotero iye sakanakhoza kutseka izo. Kenako anaponya muvi mu chilombo ndipo motero anapambana mdani zoopsa.

Ine ndi mwamuna Tiamat mkazi Mfumu. Marduk ndi nawo iwo pochotsera chirombo tebulo malo amene wopambana wakhazikitsa ulamuliro yake ndipo analenga dziko latsopano. Kuchokera pamwamba pa thupi la Tiamat anapanga kumwamba, zizindikiro za m'nyenyezi, nyenyezi, kuchokera pansi - m'dziko, ndi kwa maso a mitsinje iŵiri ikuluikulu Mesopotamiya - Firate ndi Tigirisi.

Ndiye ngwazi za anamuzindikira mfumu ya milungu yonse. Amayamikira, Marduk unaperekedwa kwa opatulika mzinda wa Babulo. Mmenemo muli akachisi ambiri odzipereka kwa Mulungu, imene anali wotchuka zipilala wakale ndi zovuta nsanja yaitali ya kachisi Etemenanki Esagila. zikalata ambiri Marduk anasiya nthano Chisumeriya. Kupanga m'dziko limene mulungu ndi nkhani yakale wa zipembedzo zakale.

Asuri

Asuri - akadali limodzi mulungu wa Sumerians, amene fano wopyoza chitukuko ichi. Poyamba, iye anali woyang'anira wa mzinda eponymous. Pa zana XXIV BC padawuka ufumu Asuri. Pamene VIII-VII m'ma BC. e. boma anafika pachimake pa ulamuliro wake, Asuri anakhala mulungu chofunika kwambiri lonse la Mesopotamia. Ndipotu ina chidwi kuti anali munthu wodziwika yaikulu ya gulu la mwambo wa ufumu yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu.

Mfumu ya Asuri sanali kokha wolamulira ndi mutu wa boma, ndi mkulu wa ansembe wa Asuri. Choncho anabadwa ulidi, maziko a anali akadali Chisumeriya nthano. Books ndi zakale zina ndi mabuku akale amasonyeza kuti Asuri mpatuko unakhalapo kufikira AD III atumwi, pamene nthawi yaitali osati Asuri kapena palokha mizinda Mesopotamiya.

Nunn

Moon mulungu Nanna. anali Sumerians (komanso dzina wamba atazindikira Sin). Iye ankaona woyang'anira wa umodzi mwa mizinda yofunika kwambiri Mesopotamia - Uri. malo amenewa analipo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Mu XXII-XI CC. BC olamulira Uri ogwirizana mu ulamuliro wake onse Mesopotamia. Mogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kumeneku ndi mtengo wa Nanna.. gulu lake la mpatuko anali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu maganizo. Mkulu wansembe wa Nanna. anakhala mwana wamkulu wa mfumu wa Uri.

Mulungu mwezi unali yabwino ng'ombe ndi chonde. Iye anatsimikiza za tsogolo la nyama akufa. Chifukwa chaichi, aliyense mwezi Nunn anapita kudziko la akufa. Popeza mayina ake ambiri akhala akusonkhana gawo lakumwamba Earth Kanema. Full mwezi Sumerians otchedwa Nanna., kachigawo - Zuenom wamng'ono zenga - Ashimbabbarom. The Asuri ndi Ababulo mwambo mulungu uyu anali ankaona mneneri ndi mchiritsi.

Shamash, Ishkur ndi Dumuzi

Ngati mwezi mulungu Nanna. anali, mulungu wa dzuwa Shamash anali (kapena Utu). zolengedwa tsiku Sumerians usiku. Choncho, maganizo awo Shamash udzayesedwa Nanne mwana ndi mtumiki. chifaniziro chake wakhala kugwirizana osati dzuwa, komanso mwachilungamo. Masana Shamash adzaweruzidwa moyo. Iye anamenyana ndi ziwanda zoipa.

Madera aakulu mpatuko anali Shamash Elassar ndi Sippar. Kachisi ( "wowala nyumba") midzi izi asayansi amatchula amazipanga lakutali V Zakachikwi BC. Iye akhapidziwa kuti Shamash amapatsa anthu chuma, wandende - ufulu, ndipo dziko lapansi - chonde. mulungu ameneyu anaoneka ngati kuleza bearded munthu wakale pamodzi ndi nduwira pa mutu wake.

Mu gulu lonse wakale anali munthu aliyense masoka achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthano Sumeri, mulungu wa namondwe - izo Ishkur (dzina lina Adad). dzina lake nthawi zambiri magwero zakale. Ishkur anali woyang'anira wa mzinda zotayika za Karkar. Mu nthano iye amachita chitoliro chachiwiri. Komabe, iye ankaona mulungu-wankhondo, zida ndi mphepo yoopsa. Ku Asuri chithunzi Ishkur kusanduka Adada chithunzi, amene anali achipembedzo komanso mayiko kufunika zofunika. mulungu wina wa chirengedwe chinali Dumuzi. Iye anaimira kalendala cyclical ndi nyengo.

ziwanda

Ngati anthu ena ambiri akale, Sumerians anali gehena zawo. Izi pansi m'munsi anthu mizimu ya ziwanda akufa ndi lowopsya. The mapale a zilembo gehena limatchedwa "dziko la sanabwezere." Kuli milungu mobisa Chisumeriya - mfundo za iwo ndi otalikirana ndi disjointed. Childs, mu mzinda uliwonse anali miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro kugwirizana ndi anthu a chthonic.

Mulungu yaikulu ya Sumerians ankaona Nerigali negative. Iye anali kugwirizana ndi nkhondo ndi imfa. chiwanda ili mu nthano Chisumeriya akuoneka ngati wogulitsa miliri yoopsa mliri ndi malungo. maonekedwe ake ankaona chapakati kwa akufa. Mu mzinda wa Kuta kumeneko nergalovskogo kulambira waukulu kachisi. openda Babulo ophatikizidwa ntchito fano lake dziko Mars.

Mu Nerigali anali mkazi ndi mwini wamkazi zinachitika - Ereshkigal. Iye anali mlongo wa Inanna. chiwanda ili mu nthano Chisumeriya akuti Bambo chthonic zolengedwa Anunnaki. Kachisi zazikulu Ereshkigal anali mu mzinda waukulu Kut.

China chofunika chthonic Sumerians anali m'bale Nerigali Ninase. Kukhala pansi pa nthaka, iye anali ndi luso rejuvenation ndi machiritso. chizindikiro chake chinali njoka chomwe pambuyo zikhalidwe zambiri wakhala yosonyeza malonda mankhwala. Mwakhama wapadera Ninase akulemekezedwa mu Eshnunna. dzina lake amatchulidwa wotchuka Babulo Hammurabi, pamene pamati nsembe mulungu ameneyu ndi kuvomerezedwa. Mu mzinda wina Chisumeriya - Uri - panali chikondwerero pachaka ulemu wa Ninase, imene nsembe katundu amene anakonza. mwana wake ankaona mulungu ningishzida. Iye anali kulondera akaidi ziwanda kumidima. Ningishzida chizindikiro chinali chinjoka - mmodzi wa magulu a nyenyezi nyenyezi Chisumeriya ndi zakuthambo, Agiriki wotchedwa kuwundana ya njoka.

mitengo wopatulika ndi mizimu

Mfiti, nyimbo ndi Cookbook Sumerians amasonyeza kuti kunalidi mtundu wa mitengo wopatulika, aliyense amene anatumizidwa mulungu makamaka kapena mzinda. Mwachitsanzo, bwemba makamaka amazilambira Nippur mwambo. mfiti The Shuruppak mtengo uwu akuti ndi mtengo dziko. Tamerice wotulutsa ziwanda ntchito kuyeretsa ndi kuchiza matenda.

Za mitengo matsenga sayansi yamakono amadziwa chifukwa cha mapazi angapo zagovornyh miyambo ndi yadzaoneni. Koma pa demonology Chisumeriya kudziwa ngakhale zochepa. zopereka Mesopotamiya zamatsenga, amene anatulutsa mphamvu zoipa, wopangidwa m'nyengo ya Asuri ndi Babulo zinenero za chitukuko izi. Za mwambo Chisumeriya angasangalatse kunena zinthu zochepa.

Wolemekezeka makolo mizimu, mizimu akusunga ndi mizimu ankhanza. Yotsirizira anali lili pa nambala ngwazi akufa a mizukwa, komanso umunthu wa matenda ndi matenda. The Sumerians anakhulupirira mizukwa, ndi ofanana kwambiri kwa Asilavo Zalozhnev akufa. anthu wamba ankawachitira mantha mantha.

nthano Evolution

Chipembedzo ndi nthano za Sumerians anadutsa magawo atatu a chitukuko. Pa tsiku loyamba limodzi totems makolo kusanduka m'mizinda khamu ndi milungu demiurge. Pa chiyambi cha III Zakachikwi BC, panali conspiracies ndi nyimbo kachisi. Panali utsogoleri wolowezana wa milungu. Umayamba Ana, Enlil ndi Enki. Pamenepo INANNA milungu dzuwa ndi mwezi, milungu asilikali ndi T D..

The nthawi yachiwiri amatchedwanso m'zaka Sumero Acadian syncretism. Munthu wotereyu kukhotera zikhalidwe ndi nthano osiyana. Mlendo chinenero Sumerians atazindikira imatengedwa chilankhulo cha anthu atatu Mesopotamia: Ababulo, Asuri, Akkadians nayenso. The wamkulu wa zipilala zake za BC XXV atumwi. Mozungulira nthawi iyi anayamba ndondomeko merging mafano ndi mayina a milungu Ayuda ndi Sumeri, kuchita ntchito yofanana.

Chachitatu, chomaliza nyengo - nthawi okwana yogwirizanitsa gulu mu nthawi III Uri (XXII-XI m'ma BC ...). Panthawi imeneyi, kunali koyamba opondereza boma mu mbiri. Ndi phunziro kwa okhwima kusanja ndi umboni, osati kwa anthu okhawo, komanso anthuwo ndi osiyanasiyana pamaso milungu. Mu III mafumu walunjika msonkhano milungu Enlil chinakhazikitsidwa. Ndipo Enki anali pa manja onse kwa izo.

Zotsatirazi anali Anunnaki. Iwo akhala n'chinthu chofunikira kuphatikizapo Inanna, Nunn, ndi Nerigali. Za zana milungu yaing'ono anaikidwa pa phazi la makwerero. Pa nthawi yomweyo anaphatikizidwa Sumeri gulu Ayuda (mwachitsanzo, achotsa kusiyana Sumeri Enlil Ayuda ndi White). Atagwa Uri III ku Mesopotamia kwa nthawi yaitali mbisoweka boma centralized. Lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC, pa Sumerians anataya paokha, chifukwa kenaka adalamulidwa ndi Asuri. kwa pakati pa mitundu ina wafunsira mtundu wa Babulo. Pamodzi ndi kusintha kusintha mitundu ndi zipembedzo zinachitika. Pamene zinatha zaka Chisumeriya homogeneous dziko peno malongero ake, kumizidwa mu zakale ndi nthano za Sumerians.