Crawler thalakitala USSR. History of mathirakitala mu USSR

Mu USSR thalakitala tcheru. Ulimi akufunika thandizo mechanization ndi zomera mwini sizinali mu dziko. Pozindikira kufunika kuonjezera zokolola m'midzi, V. I. Lenin zinasaina lamulo mu 1920 "Pa umodzi munda thalakitala." Kale mu 1922, anayamba ang'onoang'ono kupanga zitsanzo zoweta "Kolomenets" ndi "Zaporozhets." Woyamba Soviet thalakitala anali mwaukadaulo chofunika zitani, koma pambuyo awiri yojambula zaka zisanu adadza pomanga amakampani apadera.

"Russian" wobadwa woyamba

Russia nthawizonse wakhala wotchuka chifukwa oyambitsa ake, koma osati maganizo onse sangakwanitse kuchita. Mu XVIII m'ma Katswiriyu I. M. Komov ankanena za mechanization ulimi. Mu pakati pa XIX m'ma V. P. Gurev, ndiye DA Zagryazhsky anayamba mathirakitala nthunzi yolima. Mu 1888 F. A. Blinov anapanga ndi kuyesedwa woyamba nthunzi thalakitala crawler. Komabe, chipangizo anadza kwambiri wolemera. Komabe, mwalamulo chaka cha kubadwa akuti ndi Russian thalakitala 1896-TH, pamene dziko nthunzi woyamba njanji-mtundu thalakitala pamaso anasonyeza pa Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

Ilidi mlengi XX m'ma Ya. V. Mamin (wophunzira Blinov) beskompressorny anatulukira mkulu-psinjika injini kuti amayendera mafuta lolemera. Zili ngati palibe wina ndi oyenera ntchito mu galimoto matayala inamva. Mu 1911, iwo anali atasonkhana woyamba thalakitala zoweta ndi 18 kilowatt galimoto ya kuyaka mkati ameneyo dzina kukonda dziko lako "Russian". Pambuyo wamakono zinaoneka amphamvu kwambiri injini - 33 kW. Awo kupanga ang'ono-ang'ono wakhazikitsidwa pa mbewu Balakovo - mu 1914 opangidwa za masekeli a.

Kupatula Balakovo, mwambo zopangidwa thalakitala opangidwa ku Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse ndi chiwerengero cha midzi ina. Koma kupanga okwana mathirakitala onse mabizinezi zoweta anali ochepa kwambiri moti pafupifupi ziribe mphamvu pa zinthu mu ulimi. Mu 1913, chiwerengero cha njira imeneyi akuyerekezera kuti magazini 165. Koma mwachangu kugula zida achilendo: m'chaka cha 1917 mu Russian Ufumu 1500 anali kunja mathirakitala.

History of mathirakitala mu USSR

Pa kanthu chitukuko Lenin ndi kupanga makina munda makina zapatsidwa mwapadera. Mfundo za ulimi umodzi thalakitala zikutanthauza osati amasulidwe "akavalo chitsulo", monga iwo wotchedwa thalakitala, komanso mndandanda wa mulinso gulu la maofesi kafukufuku ndi chiyesedwe, kukonza mwa kundipatsako kwa zida zosinthira ndi zokonza, kutsegula kwa maphunziro ambuye, aphunzitsi ndi thirakitara.

The thalakitala choyamba mu USSR chikalata Kolomna fakitale mu 1922. wotsogolera ntchito anali tate wa mitundu thalakitala sukulu E. D. Lvov. magalimoto matayala amatchedwa "Kolomenets-1" ndi kusonyeza chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano m'midzi. Lenin, ngakhale matenda aakulu, panokha anayamikira okonza bwinobwino.

Mu chaka chomwecho Kichkasse ogwira "Red patsogolo" anapanga thalakitala "Zaporozhets." chitsanzo anali olakwika. Patsogolo panali mmodzi yekha kumbuyo gudumu. The otsika mphamvu ziwiri sitiroko injini ndi 8,8 kW clocked "chitsulo kavalo" kwa 3.4 km / h. kulanda anali kutsogolo chimodzi chokha. Mphamvu pa mbedza - 4,4 kW. Koma galimoto ili ntchito kwambiri ntchito ya m'mudzimo.

Ine sindikufuna kukhala mozungulira lodziwika bwino zatsopano Mamin. Iye angwiro wake dongosolo chisanadze chosintha. Mu 1924, boma la Soviet Union wodzilemekeza thalakitala zitsanzo za banja "kumiza":

• Tricycle "nyenyezi yaing'ono-1" ndi HIV ndi liwiro la 3-4 Km / h.
• Zinayi wheel "Little 2" ndi iwowo.

Mukutengera zinachitikira yachilendo

Ngakhale thalakitala USSR "kumanga minofu", ndipo okonza Soviet katswiri azimuth watsopano, boma anaganiza kukhazikitsa ulimi wa ziphatso luso lina. Mu 1923 pa mbewu Kharkov anayamba mu mndandanda wa njanji "Kommunar", ndiye wolowa wa German chitsanzo, "Z 50 Ganomag". Iwo makamaka ntchito ya usilikali kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama zida zankhondo mpaka 1945 (ndipo kenako).

Mu 1924, Leningrad mbewu "Red Putilovets" (pambuyo Kirov) wakhala katswiri kupanga mtengo ndiponso amapanga yosavuta "American" kampani "Fordson". Old Soviet thalakitala chizindikiro ichi chinali chabwino kwambiri. Akupita makhalidwe aakulu ndi "Zaporozhets", ndi "Kolomenets". Palafini injini carburetor (14.7 kW) anayamba liwiro la 10,8 km / h, mphamvu pa mbedza - 6,6 kW. gearbox - atatu-liwiro. Zinabala chitsanzo mpaka 1932. Ndipotu, anali woyamba zikuluzikulu yopanga zida.

zomera yomanga thalakitala

Kunapezeka kuti minda gulu mathirakitala zipatso ayenera kumanga mafakitale apadera, Chili sayansi, maofesi zomangamanga ndi zipangizo kupanga. The E polojekiti anali F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Malinga ndi mfundo, ndi mabizinezi latsopano anakonza akonzekeretse ndi zida zamakono ndi kubala zitsanzo massively wotsika ndi odalirika matayala ndipo inamva samatha.

Woyamba zikuluzikulu yopanga mathirakitala mu USSR unakhazikitsidwa Stalingrad. M'tsogolo, mphamvu ya Kharkov ndi Leningrad zomera akhala kwambiri kukodzedwa. mabizinezi Large anaonekera mu Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul ndiponso mizinda ina ya USSR.

Stalingrad thalakitala fakitale

Stalingrad anakhala mzinda kumene kuchokera zikande anamanga waukulu woyamba thalakitala fakitale. Chifukwa malo ake abwino (pa mphambano ya kotunga Baku mafuta, Ural zitsulo ndi Donbass malasha) ndi kukhalapo kwa asilikali a ntchito luso, iye anapambana mpikisano mu Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. Mu 1925 izo anatengera kusamvana pa ntchito yomanga ogwira ano, ndipo mu 1930 khamu mzere n'kutsika lodziwika bwino Soviet mtundu gudumu mathirakitala STZ-1. Mtsogolo, apa amabala osiyanasiyana a zanyengo matayala ndipo inamva.

Ndi nyengo ya Soviet monga:

• STZ-1 (gudumu, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (mbozi, 1937).
• SKHTZ Nati (Track, 1937).
• Deuteronomo 54 (mbozi, 1949).
• Deuteronomo-75 (mbozi, 1963).
• Deuteronomo-175 (Track, 1986).

Mu 2005, Volgograd thalakitala (poyamba FCZ) dipo. m'malo ake anakhala VgTZ.

Deuteronomo 54

Crawler thalakitala USSR m'ma XX atumwi, anakhala ambiri, chiwerengero cha zitsanzo anali opambana kuposa gudumu. Chitsanzo zazikulu za ulimi makina , cholinga ambiri ndi kumulola kuchoka mu zaka 1949-1979 thalakitala Deuteronomo 54. Timasindikiza pa Stalingrad, Kharkov ndi Altay mafakitale okwana mayunitsi 957.900. Iye "nyenyezi" mafilimu ambiri ( "Ivan Brovkin pa dziko namwali," "Kunachitika mu Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" ndi ena), oikidwa monga chikumbutso cha ambiri midzi.

Engine kalasi D-54-mzere, zinayi yamphamvu, zinayi sitiroko, madzi-utakhazikika, wokwera sankalimbana nafe pa chimango lapansi. Liwiro (mphamvu) injini 1300 Rev / mphindi (54 L. C.). A-liwiro zisanu zitatu njira HIV ndi waukulu zowalamulira chikugwirizana driveline. Ntchito liwiro: 3,59-7,9 Km / h, samatha: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov thalakitala Bzalani

Yomanga HTZ iwo. Sergo Ordzhonikidze inayamba mu 1930 makilomita 15 kum'mawa kwa Kharkov. Total kumangira chimphona anatenga miyezi 15. The thalakitala woyamba wa conveyor 1 October 1931 - izo anaitenga ku chitsanzo mbewu SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30. Koma cholinga chachikulu anali kulenga thalakitala mtundu zoweta "Komatsu" 50 ndiyamphamvu. Palinso gulu la mlengi PI Andrusenko anayamba zingamuthandize dizilo injini, amene akhoza kuvala onse crawler thalakitala USSR. Mu 1937 chomera anapezerapo mndandanda wa modernized mbozi chitsanzo zochokera SKHTZ Nati. The luso lenileni linali kwambiri ndalama chotero zosavuta injini dizilo.

Chiyambireni cha nkhondo fakitale anali anasamutsidwa kuti Barnaul, pamene analenga maziko a Altai thalakitala Bzalani. Pambuyo kumasulidwa kwa Kharkov mu 1944, kupanga inayambanso pa malo omwewo - ndi lodziwika bwino Soviet zitsanzo thalakitala SKHTZ Nati anapitanso mu mndandanda. zitsanzo Basic HZT Soviet nthawi:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT Nati ITA (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (gudumu, 1949).
• HTZ-Deuteronomo 54 (mbozi, 1949).
• Deuteronomo 14 (mbozi, 1955).
• T-75 (mbozi, 1960).
• T-74 (mbozi, 1962).
• T-125 (mbozi, 1962).

Kukhazikitsanso kwakukulu zinachitikadi zaka 70 mu HTZ, kupanga si ndinayima. Ankalimbikitsidwa kumasulidwa "trehtonnikov" T-150K (gudumu) ndi T-150 (mbozi). Mkulu-mphamvu T-150K mlandu mu United States (1979) anasonyeza ntchito yabwino mwa anzawo padziko lonse, kutsimikizira kuti thalakitala kuyambira Soviet Union sanali wolephera yachilendo. Cha m'ma '80s zitsanzo amenewa anayamba HTZ-HTZ-180 ndi 200: ali 20% kothandiza kwambiri kuposa 150 Series, ndi 50% zipatso.

T-150

Mathirakitala USSR anali wotchuka chifukwa kudalirika kwawo. Ndi chilengedwe mkulu-liwiro thalakitala T-150 (T-150K) yapindula mbiri yabwino. Iye ali ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri ofunsira: mayendedwe, njira yomanga, dera ulimi. Ilo likadali ntchito yonyamula katundu yovuta kuchokera msewu, m'minda (yolima, ukuchoka, kulima, ndi zina zotero. D.), Pa yomanga. Wangwiro magalimoto nyumba onyamula mphamvu matani 10-20. T-150 (C) anakonzedwa turbonaduvnoy 6 yamphamvu dizilo injini ndi kasinthidwe V zooneka ndi kuzirala madzi.

Zofunika T-150K:

• M'lifupi / kutalika / kutalika, mamita -. 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
• Kuyeza, mamita -. 1.7 / 1.8.
• Misa, mamita -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Mphamvu, HP - 150.
• Liwiro, Km / h - 31.

Minsk thalakitala Works

Yachokera MTZ May 29, 1946, ndipo ankaona kuti mwina bwino kwambiri panthawi ino tsopano, anapitiriza mphamvu kuyambira Soviet Union. Kumapeto kwa 2013 panali anthu oposa 21,000. Chomera akuzisunga 8-10% ya dziko msika kwa mathirakitala ndipo n'zofunika njira kwa Belarus. Amalima osiyanasiyana magalimoto pansi pa "Belarus" chizindikiro. Ndi nthawi kugwa Soviet anapangidwa pafupifupi 3 miliyoni mayunitsi luso.

• KD 35 (mbozi, 1950).
• CT-12 (mbozi, 1951).
• MTZ-1 ndi MTZ-2 (gudumu, 1954).
• TDT-40 (mbozi, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (gudumu, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (gudumu, 1957).

Zikuluzikulu kukhazikitsanso chomera Minsk inayamba mu 1960. Limodzi ndi unsembe wa okonza zida zatsopano ntchito pa kumayambiriro a zanyengo zapamwamba wa mathirakitala MTZ 50 ndi wamphamvu kwambiri MTZ 52 ndi zonse gudumu pagalimoto. Zino iwo anapita, motero, mu 1961 ndi 1964. Popeza 1967, zinabala inamva kusinthidwa kwa T-54B Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana. Ngati ife kulankhula za zachilendo thalakitala USSR, ndiye tinganene kuti ndi kusinthidwa wa thonje MTZ-50X mawilo wapawiri kutsogolo ndi chilolezo mkulu nthaka, zomwe zinalembedwa mu 1969, komanso phompho MTZ-82K.

Chotsatira anali mkulu wa MTZ 80 (1974) - chachikulu kwambiri mu dziko, ndi kusinthidwa wapadera wa MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Popeza m'ma 80s MTZ katswiri njira oposa mazana ndiyamphamvu: MTP 102 (100 HP), MTP-142 (150 HP.), Ndipo otsika mphamvu mini-thalakitala: 5., 6, 8, 12, 22 L. a.

KD 35

Crawler thalakitala mlimi ndi yaying'ono, zosavuta ntchito ndi kukonza. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ulimi mu Soviet Union ndi Warsaw ke mayiko. Cholinga - ntchito ndi khasu ndi zipangizo zina. Kuyambira mu 1950, chomera umabala kusinthidwa wa KDP 35, mmene ang'onoang'ono m'lifupi nsapato, onse njanji ndi kuchuluka chilolezo pansi.

Zokwanira wamphamvu injini D 35, motero, anapereka malita 37. m., ndi gearbox anali 5 magawo (kalelo-faifi patsogolo). Engine ndi ndalama: kumwa avareji dizilo pa 1 ha anali malita 13. thanki mafuta zokwanira kwa maola 10 pa ntchito - zinali zokwanira kulima mahekitala 6 m'dziko. C okonzeka ndi 1959 lachitsanzo chaka akweza D-40 (45 L. C.) powertrain Ndipo kuchuluka liwiro (1600 Rev / Mph). Komanso kusintha kudalirika kwa galimotoyo.

Chelyabinsk thalakitala Bzalani nkhondo isanayambe

Akulankhula za thalakitala USSR sangaunyalanyaze mbiri ya mbewu Chelyabinsk, wapanga chopereka kwambiri ndi nkhani ya luso mtendere, ndi pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anakhala smithy ya akasinja ndi "kudziletsa injini". Wotchuka CTZ anamanga mu zakutchire kuchokera misewu ntchito zokumbira, mafosholo ndi crowbars. kusankha kumanga anatengedwa mu May 1929 pa 14 Congress la Soviet Union wa USSR. Mu June 1929 Leningrad GIPROMEZ anayamba ntchito pa ntchito chomera. CTZ kapangidwe zinachitikadi ndi nkhani ya zimene zinachitikira American galimoto ndi thalakitala makampani, makamaka Komatsu.

Kuchokera February kwa November 1930 ndi inamangidwa woyendetsa chomera anaikidwa ntchito. Zinali chiwiri November 1930. CTZ kukhazikitsidwa tsiku akuti ndi August 10, 1930 pamene panali kumangidwa kwa maziko woyamba wa foundry lapansi. June 1, 1933 woyamba crawler thalakitala Chelyabinsk antchito anapita ku mzere wokonzeka - ". Stalinets 60" zoposa 61,000 mathirakitala zinalembedwa mu 1936. Tsopano ndi Retro thalakitala USSR, ndipo mu 30s chitsanzo C 60 anaposa mu makhalidwe analogues Stalingrad ndi zomera Kharkov kuwirikiza kawiri.

Mu 1937, imodzi lophunzira kupanga injini dizilo C 60, pereshѐl chomera kutulutsa mafuta-imayenera mathirakitala C-65. Patapita chaka chimodzi, thalakitala uyu anali kupereka ndi mphoto apamwamba "Grand Prix" pa chionetsero mu Paris, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito pa kujambula a mwambo Soviet filimu "thalakitala." Mu 1940, Chelyabinsk thalakitala Bzalani anauzidwa kuti apite kupanga nkhondo - akasinja, kudzikonda injini mayunitsi, injini, ndi zida zosinthira.

Mbiri pambuyo nkhondo

Ngakhale mavuto a nkhondo, ndi thalakitala sanaiwale za malonda anu okondedwa. Anali ndi malingaliro: chifukwa si ntchito nkhani za ku America? Ndithudi, United States panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri sanaleke yopanga mathirakitala. kusanthula anasonyeza kuti zabwino za zitsanzo thalakitala American ndi D-7. Mu 1944 anayamba kukula kwa zolembedwa ndi mamangidwe.

Patatha zaka 2, pamodzi ndi kumanganso mbewu, January 5, 1946, thalakitala woyamba S-80 linatulutsidwa. Ndi 1948, kampani anamaliza kukonzanso mu tsiku anamasulidwa mayunitsi 20-25 magalimoto inamva. Mu 1955 maudindo kapangidwe ayamba ntchito yatsopano mathirakitala, wamphamvu kwambiri ndi 100 ndipo akuchulukirachulukira moyo wautali wa thalakitala S-80.

zitsanzo:

• C-60. (mbozi, 1933).
• C-65 (mbozi, 1937).
• C-80 (mbozi, 1946).
• C-100 (mbozi, 1956).
• DET-250 (mbozi, 1957).
• T-100M (mbozi, 1963).
• T-130 (mbozi, 1969).
• T-800 (mbozi, 1983).
• T-170 (mbozi, 1988).
• DET-250M2 (Track, 1989).
• T-10 (mbozi, 1990).

DET-250

Mu 50s mochedwa izo tasked kupanga ndi kupanga kwa zitsanzo mayeso anakumana thalakitala mphamvu 250 ndiyamphamvu. Ku mapazi woyamba wa olemba a chitsanzo latsopano anasiya njira miyambo ndi odziwika. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mchitidwe Soviet thalakitala iwo analenga hermetic ndi omasuka kanyumba ndi mpweya. Lolemera dalaivala makina akhoza opareshoni ndi dzanja limodzi. The chifukwa chachikulu thalakitala DET-250. Council wa USSR Committee National Economy kupereka fakitale kwa chitsanzo ichi Zikho Gold ndi Diploma a mlingo wa 1.

opanga ena

Kumene, mndandanda sakhala ndi zomera zonse thalakitala. Mathirakitala wa USSR ndi Russia kubala ndipo akupezeka pa Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (St. Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Chiuzibeki (Tashkent) TK, Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Makhachkala, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) ndiponso mizinda ina.