Kodi Numismatics: tanthauzo. sayansi numismatics

Anthu ambiri amadabwa numismatics. The tanthauzo la mawu amenewa, komanso mbali ya chitukuko mbiri ya sayansi ndi chidwi kwambiri mfundo zokhudza umunthu ambiri otchuka wa zaka zapitazi.

Numismatics ndi chidwi kwambiri wa anthu - ndi kwa anthu amenewa ndalama ndi chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale mtengo, umene ali wokonzeka kupita ku mapeto a dziko. Okhometsa wa mphamvu zonse pofuna kuti ndalama ina kawirikawiri ndi kuligonjetsa deta yanu. Kumbukirani kuti ngati mukufuna kusangalala kwambiri, monga numismatics, ndalama pa mitengo akhoza kukhala zodabwitsa kwambiri. Kuti deta awo mtengo ndithu, pamafunika osati ndalama za ntchito ndi kuleza mtima, komanso wambirimbiri ndalama (ngati ndi nthawi kwenikweni osowa).

kutanthauza

Numismatics ndi chiyani? Kumasulira kwa Greek "nomos" amatanthauza malamulo kapena wachifundo malamulo, ndi "NOMIZMA" kale amatanthauza "ndalama". Lokha numismatics - nzeru za ndalama, tsopano ndi wothandiza mbiri chilango kuti amafufuza mbiri ya ndalama ndi Ndalama.

Kusiyana wokhometsa ndi numismatist

Pali mfundo chosiyana, monga "Numismatic yosonkhanitsa" ndi "numismatics sayansi." Inali chabe wokhometsa adzakhala kwambiri chidwi si mtengo mbiri ya ndalama, ndi m'chipani chake, komanso mbali zosiyanasiyana luso. Koma ngati tikukamba za numismatics sayansi, ndalama ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri phunziro nambala njira wofunika m'mbiri ya mapangidwe ndi kugwa kwa mayiko lonse ndi awo asapita yachilendo zachuma ndi mbali ya moyo pagulu.

Mwachitsanzo, ndi kwa asayansi awa amadalira ziphunzitso zonse za chiyambi cha ndalama. Iwo kufufuza osati ndalama komanso macheke, makuponi, kukwezedwa, makadi zosiyanasiyana ngongole ndi zambiri. Motero, mu 1960 ndi timapangira akuti "exonumia", kutanthauza kusonkhanitsa zosowa Numismatic malipiro zida zosiyanasiyana kuti musalekane pa gulu la mwalamulo anatengedwa ndi boma. Izi imakhudzanso ndalama chamadzulo, mitundu yonse ya alendo mu mawonekedwe a banknotes kapena ndalama zimene Ndiyeno pa nthawi ya cikondwelelo.

Kufunika kwa maonekedwe a numismatics

Iwo oosznavaya kufunika kwa maonekedwe a chinthu choterocho, mudzatha kumvetsa zimene numismatics. Khama limasonyeza kuti maphunziro sayansi osati makobidi osiyanasiyana, komanso ndalama pepala, mendulo yaulemu, mabaji.

Numismatics sayansi likunena zambiri za asapita zosiyanasiyana chuma kwa anthu a nthawi zosiyanasiyana, Nthawi. Gwiritsani ntchito ndalama mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya ndale kapena madera. Asayansi kuphunzira njira imeneyi ya malipiro, lembani akusowekapo m'dera la miyambo ndi a mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso chitukuko ndi mbiri yawo chitukuko. N'chifukwa chake numismatics kumagwirizana ndi chiphiphiritso cha, epigraphs, iconology, komanso mbiri luso.

Nkhani ya numismatics sayansi

Chotero chilakolako, monga numismatics, anaonekera mu Roma, patapita kuliika pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ku Italy, kumene kufalitsa zina ndi ku Ulaya. Inali pa nthawi imene amuna anzeru a dziko ayamba kulemba Mfundo anaphunzira pa zodabwitsazi, amene anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane akamanena za zosiyanasiyana zithunzi ndi zolemba ndalama.

Eckel - ndi dzina ili odalirika Austria wasayansi kugwirizana zokhudza sayansi m'munda wa numismatics zoona, ndiye anayambitsa kafukufuku woyamba mwadongosolo pa nkhani imeneyi. Mu XVIII atumwi ku Vienna inasindikizidwa mabuku atatu a buku la "The Science ndalama wakale" I. I. Ekkelya - izo kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, kuphunzira ndalama zinakhalapo.

Masiteji mu kasinthidwe wa sayansi ya ndalama

Choncho, mbiri ya numismatics. Pali magawo awiri waukulu kusanduka ake, akudutsa kuti zinkaoneka kutsogolo kwa ife mwa maonekedwe imene tikudziwa bwino.

Numismatics ndi chiyani? sayansi wabwera njira yaitali mapangidwe Ndipotu kwathunthu amadalira ndalama. Gawo loyamba zikuphatikizapo m'nthawi ya anali wotchuka zokwanira tsintho monga njira yokha phindu ndiribe lingaliro chomwe ndalama.

Yachiwiri anayamba ndi chakuti golide wachita yekha chofunika lofanana amene kuwombola akhoza kukhala chilichonse.

Kenako panali woyamba ndalama za golide ndi siliva. State misa kutulutsa ndalama kuti ndi kulemera zofanana ndi mawonekedwe, ndi kuyika mtengo zipembedzo zosiyana.

Ndi ndi gawo anayamba kubadwa kwa numismatics, ndi okhometsa choyamba. mankhwala tsintho ndi zinthu ntchito tsiku lililonse - chinthu chokha chimene anali wotchuka kalelo.

Zotsala mankhwala omwe anapanga zonse umasinthanitsidwa zinthu zothandiza kwambiri kwa banja. Patapita anapita zonse - zipolopolo, zikopa, nsalu ndi zambiri.

Magwero a ndalama

Single buku la mmene ndalama adzawonekera ndi momwe kuyang'ana, palibe. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti mfumu ya Argos mu Aegina zinapangidwa ndalama choyamba. A mbali yaing'ono asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kutengela Lydians m'nthawi VI BC. Komanso, pali maganizo kuti anthu a Mediterranean Ionia anali osunga ndalama choyamba mu BC VII atumwi. The zolemba ndi zithunzi pandalama akamachita olamulira kwambiri, kapena kwa akazembe, mbiri yakale komanso ndale zochitika zofunika. Zimenezi zikukhudza nkhondo, ndewu mkati mu mphamvu ya boma kukonza osiyanasiyana ndipo kwambiri.

Zitsulo makobidi wakale

Akatswiri ambiri kupereka mayankho osiyana kwa funso la chimene numismatics. Ena umboni kuti anthu amene ali ndi chidwi ndalama, osati kudziunjikira iwo mu zopereka zawo, Tesha zachabechabe, ndicho ofufuza kusonkhanitsa chinthu.

Ndalama ku Asia Minor ndi Greece anali opangidwa ndi siliva ndi golide. China ali amasiyana kuti zinapangidwa mkuwa awo. Chinachake kenako mu dongosolo unakhala wotchuka kwambiri ndi osiyanasiyana kasakaniza wazitsulo. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito mkuwa bilona, mkuwa. The ndalama za golidi anawonjezera pang'ono mkuwa - kunapezeka ligation, chitsanzo umene mtima kachigawo nthawi gawo la mkuwa. chitsanzo nthawi zonse anatsimikiza ndi boma.

A pang'ono mu anawonjezera kasakaniza wazitsulo zotayidwa, faifi tambala, kutsogolera ndi zitsulo zina kuti apange ndalama cholimba ndi kuvala zosagwira ntchito.

Nkhani milandu komwe boma chikalata ndalama zatsopano, zomwe ndi chipembedzo mofanana zakale, koma yotsala mu quality, ndi kuchuluka zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mu iwo anali m'munsi kwambiri. debasement uwu unali umodzi mwa njira kuti apindule.

Cholinga cha ndalama wakale

Numismatics ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo chidwi ambiri. Kuti kumvetsa cholinga cha ndalama.

Poyambirira, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito osati chifukwa kukhazikitsa zolowa ndalama, komanso kukumbukira. Atamasulidwa akhoza anapima kuti Mulimonse kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, inakwaniritsidwa lopanga "kukaona mints," "imfa" kapena chirichonse "mu machimo." Komanso amadziwa ndalama zapadera zomwe anapambana wakupha woweruza pamene anapuma - ". Pfennig Hamburg wakupha" Ndalama anali kupangidwa kwa kubadwa kwake ndi pa zina, masiku n'kofunika. Science numismatics maphunziro lililonse ndalama ngati payekha, kusamalira chifukwa zinthu zonse zakale kuti potengera maonekedwe ake.

Mofanana otchuka ndalama "kukaona mints." Zitsanzo chidwi ndiwo mwayi wa 2-sitampu inakhazikitsa mu ufumu wa Saxony kukaona Mafumu timbewu Myuldenhyutten mu zaka 1900, komanso ndalama Warsaw timbewu kwa pulezidenti wa Poland mu 1920s ndi. Iwo makamaka kufunika mu okhometsa lero.

Kommomerativnye ndalama, nkhani ya amene mwapadera anapima kuti nthawi iliyonse chikondwerero kwambiri adalikumfunafuna ndi okhometsa ano.

Modern wapatali Russian ndalama

Numismatics chimasiyanitsa ena kwambiri wapatali Russian ndalama, mtengo umene umasiyana ndi rubles zikwi kuti rubles 400 zikwi pa gawo.

Izi imakhudzanso masenti asanu mu 2002, pamene palibe chizindikiro timbewu. Mtengo wa totere ndalama - kwa zikwi zinayi apiece. Mwachitsanzo, 5 masenti 2003 kumasulidwa ndi ndalama 800 rubles apiece.

Pali ndalama, umene ngakhale mabanki angathe mphoto. Mwachitsanzo, 5 rubles mu 2003, lomwe linatulutsidwa St. Petersburg timbewu tonunkhira, gombe adzakhala ayesedwa mu rubles 5000 pa gawo, koma phindu Numismatic ndi apamwamba kuposa kawiri.

Mmodzi ruble cha 2003, Numismatic ofunika 10 zikwi rubles. masenti 50 2001, kupelekedwa ndi Moscow timbewu - 100 zikwi osachepera.

2 rubles 2001, yonena za Moscow timbewu ofunika 100 zikwi rubles. Yemweyo amapita ndalama mu zipembedzo 1 ruble 2001.

Ndizoonekeratu ku mapeto izi: ndi mtengo chizolowezi - numismatics. Mitengo zinthu chifukwa chopereka n'chosathandiza ndi zina prohibitively mkulu.