Zinthu Biotic, gulu la zinthu biotic

Mawu "biotic" (kuchokera Greek - biotikos) anamasuliridwa moyo. Nkofunika maganizo "biotic Chinthu". Mu mawonekedwe ambiri onse a gulu SF akutanthauza ya zinthu ndi magawo mapangidwe chimene chimakhudza ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zamoyo. Wotchuka Soviet wasayansi ndi katswiri VN Beklemishev wachinsinsi zinthu zonse biotic zachilengedwe m'magulu zinayi zikuluzikulu:

- zinthu apakhungu - omwe akugwirizana ndi kusintha chilengedwe yokha;

- trophic - izi ndi zinthu zimene zimaonetsa zikhalidwe za zamoyo chakudya;

- fabricheskie - zinthu amakhala fabricheskie kulankhulana imene mtundu wina wa zamoyo ntchito zamoyo wina mtundu (kapena zigawo zake kapena mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya) monga chuma kumanga;

- foricheskie - kugwirizana ndi gulu la zamoyo za mtundu umodzi wa chamoyo a mitundu ina.

Childs, zochita za zinthu ankaona chidawoneka ankachita pakati pa zamoyo mu sing'anga, ndi mphamvu zimene iwo kudzalimbikitsa pa wina ndi mzake. Kuwonetsera zofunika kanthu biotic Chinthu ndi njira onse pamodzi zamoyo kuwononga chilengedwe. Amenewa ndi pang'ono kwambiri kufotokoza biotic zinthu zachilengedwe.

Mu ya ankachita pakati pa zamoyo, kukhathamitsa chilengedwe, ndi ubale akhoza kugawidwa mu mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina. Komanso, Gona wolemekezeka intraspecific ndi interspecific. Mbali yoyamba, tikambirana mogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake anthu a mitundu, amene yodziwika ndi intraspecific mpikisano ndi gulu zotsatira ndi zochitika misa. Interspecies mabwenzi, monga ulamuliro, ndi yosiyanasiyana ndi kusonyeza osiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi zimene ankachita. Mugone izi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, anawagawira ku mitundu:

- chosalowerera ndale - mtundu uwu wa ubale umene chinthu biotic Mzimuyo ndi ndale kwathunthu (musati kubweretsa phindu kapena zoipa) zimene zimachitika pakati pa zamoyo;

- sinoykiya - mtundu uwu wa ubale, imene nthumwi za mtundu umodzi wa chamoyo amagwiritsa wina zokongoletsa m'nyumba zawo popanda kupereka mavuto enieni. mtundu umenewu umatchedwanso kvartirantstvom kapena cohabiting;

- Mpikisano - izi ndi chosankha mabwenzi ankatsutsa zimene zimachitika pakati pa zamoyo mu malo enieni ndipo zimavuta wina ndi mzake ndi chikhalidwe chimenecho. Pali kulimbana mwachindunji kwa "malo pansi pano", chakudya, pogona, ndi zinthu zina;

- kudalirana - mtundu wa mabwenzi interspecific imene chinthu biotic amachititsa yekha "matanthauzo opindulitsa" co-kuli zamoyo;

- protocooperation ndi mtundu wa ubale limene thupi, mwina nthawi zina, akhoza kukhala opanda mnzake popanda kuwononga kwambiri linakhalapo;

- pa Commensalism biotic chinthu lili mogwirizana ngati pakati pa zamoyo imene mmodzi wa iwo akugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga kunyumba popanda kuchititsa zinawonongeka kwambiri. chitsanzo akhoza kupanga mabakiteriya alipo ambiri mu kapepala m'mimba wa munthu;

- amensalizm - mtundu interspecific ubale, yodziwika ndi anzake amenewa, umene mavuto ndi chamoyo wina ndi mzake, ndi osagwirizana;

- ndi mtundu wa ubale umene zamoyo likuvutika zinthu zina zimene zingawononge kwa wotsiriza, wotchedwa parasitism;

- predation.

Monga ulamuliro, mitundu yonse ya maubwenzi ankatsutsa kuonetsetsa kuteteza anthu mitundu ndi kukhalabe anthu awo.