Rosalind Franklin: Wambiri, zaka za moyo, zopereka kwa sayansi. Aiwala Lady DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - wanzeru British sayansi amene X-ray mapindidwe akuwala maphunziro omwe apereka njira chinsinsi kapangidwe ka deoxyribonucleic acid ndi quantitatively anatsimikizira chitsanzo cha Watson - Crick. Iye anapeza kuti DNA mamolekyulu kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe kuposa wina.

Rosalind Franklin: mwachidule mbiri, zithunzi

Rosalind anabadwa mu London pa July 25, 1920, wachiwiri mwa ana asanu Anglo-Ayuda banja odziwika. bambo ake, Ellis Franklin anali bwenzi mu "Keizer" banki, lina la makampani waukulu banja akumeneko (winayo kusindikiza "Routledge ndi Kegan Paulo"). Iye ndi mkazi wake Muriel akhala kukhala wochitachita mu zochitika lachifundo ndi ena. Rosalind Franklin (chithunzi m'nkhani anapatsidwa pansipa) kusukulu Atsikana School St Paul, amene amakonzekera ophunzirawo chifukwa ntchito m'tsogolo, osati banja. Olivia masamu ndi sayansi, ndi zilankhulo (pamapeto pake kuti mapulaneti zinalengedwa unachitikira ku France, Italy ndi German). Mosiyana polyglots zambiri, iye anali iikidwe khutu nyimbo. Gustav Holst, nyimbo mkulu wa School St. Paulo. Pamene anaona kuti Rosalind kuimba bwino pafupifupi kugwa mu kamvekedwe lapansi. Franklin banja zambiri tchuthi ku maulendo kukwera, ndi zokopa alendo anali mmodzi wa zilakolako ake moyo, pamodzi ndi kuyenda yachilendo.

Phunziro Cambridge

Malinga ndi mayi ake, moyo wanga wonse Rosalind ankadziwa pamene iye anali kupita, ndipo pa sikisitini anasankha sayansi mutu wake. Sindikufuna chaka china pokonzekera koleji mu 1938, iye anasiya sukulu kupita ku Newnham, wina ku makoleji akazi awiri pa University Cambridge. bambo ake, monga magwero ena amati kutsutsana kuti, ngakhale kuti iye akanatha kukhala naye kukatenga njira zambiri makolo. Pa Cambridge, Franklin makamaka umagwirira thupi. wophunzira ake zaka mwina zinachitika Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. aphunzitsi ambiri ndiye ankagwira kafukufuku asilikali. Ena osamuka (mwachitsanzo, yanga Maks Peruts) anali Kutsekeledwa alendo. Mu kalata imodzi, Franklin ananena kuti "pafupifupi onse Cavendish wasoŵa; sayansi pafupifupi kuwerenga ndi Germany ndi sakanakhoza kupulumuka. "

kutsogolo

Mu 1941, Rosalind Franklin analandira digiri yoyamba, maphunziro kwa chaka chimodzi cha thandizoli ndi Dipatimenti ya Research Scientific ndi Industrial. Anatha nthawi mu zasayansi Norrish, wotchuka mpainiya photochemistry. Mu 1942, pamene nkhondoyo inali kupitirirabe, Franklin anayenera kusankha kuti ayendetse mwambo ntchito ya usilikali kapena kafukufuku kumunda zogwirizana ndi zofuna za nkhondo ndi chiyembekezo cha maphunziro a. Iye anasankha kutumikira, ndi chilimwe anayamba kugwirizana ndi wongokhazikitsidwa British khala kafukufuku kucheza (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: MBIRI wasayansi ndi

Pa zaka zinayi, Franklin ntchito pa kukambirana ndi microstructure wa carbons osiyana ndi chimasanduka, chifukwa chake ena a iwo zambiri permeable madzi, mpweya ndi solvents, komanso mmene wa Kutentha ndi carbonization. Mu ku phunzira kwao, zinasonyeza kuti pores khala pa mlingo maselo ndi kaduka woonda omwe amaonjezera ndi Kutentha ndi amasiyanasiyana malinga zili mpweya. Iwo akhale "sieves maselo", successively kutsekereza malowedwe a zinthu, malinga ndi kukula maselo. Rosalind Franklin anali oyamba kuzindikira ndi kuyeza microstructure awa. ntchito zake zikuluzikulu kuloledwa m'kagulu ndi makala molondola mkulu kuneneratu ntchito yawo. Mgwirizano Franklin BCURA kupereka nkhani yolembedwa ake digirii. Analandira digiri ake digirii pa Cambridge mu 1945, ndipo analemba zisanu zokhudza sayansi.

Kusamukira ku France

Nkhondo itatha, Rosalind Franklin anayamba kufufuza ntchito ina. Iye analandira positi mu zasayansi Paris Jacques Mering. Pali anaphunzira yosanthula khala ntchito X-ray kusanthula komanso mosamala yodziwa njira ya. Ntchito yake ndi kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo si graphitized ndi carbons graphitized anathandiza kupanga maziko a chitukuko cha mpweya CHIKWANGWANI ndi kutentha zosagwira zipangizo zatsopano ndipo anabweretsa kutchuka lake lonse mwa akatswiri malasha. Iye anaona chisangalalo akatswiri chikhalidwe collegiate a ku Central Laboratory ndipo anapeza anzako kumeneko.

Bwererani ku England

Ngakhale kuti anali osangalala kwambiri France, mu 1949, Rosalind Franklin anayamba kuyang'ana ntchito kunyumba. mnzake Charlz Kolson, ndi sayansi ongolankhula, anamuuza kuti ayese kuti "njira X-ray mapindidwe akuwala wa kufufuza" wa mamolekyulu lalikulu kwachilengedwenso. Mu 1950 iye anali kupereka zaka zitatu maphunziro Turner ndi Newell ntchito mu Dipatimenti ya Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla pa Mfumu College London. Randall anakonza kuti Franklin adzakhala crystallography Front kudzasanthulira mapuloteni. Komabe, pa malingaliro a Wothandizira Chief wa zasayansi a Maurice Wilkins, Randall anamupempha kuti kufufuza DNA. Wilkins ali anayamba ntchito ndi X-ray mapindidwe akuwala wa zitsanzo zina modabwitsa wabwino wa mamolekyulu pa malamulo chibadwa. Iye ankayembekezera kuti iwo kugwirizana ndi Franklin, koma iye iyi sananene.

DNA chithunzi

deoxyribonucleic acid kafukufuku nawo kokha iye ndi maphunziro wophunzira Raymond Gosling. ubwenzi wake ndi Wilkins anadwala kusadziwa (mwinanso kukhumudwa Franklin collegiate chikhalidwe yunivesite). Kugwira ntchito ndi Gosling, Rosalind likupitirirabe osiyana DNA zithunzi X-ray, ndipo mwamsanga anapeza kuti mitundu yonyowa ndi youma zopatsa zithunzi chosiyana. Mawonekedwe yonyowa anasonyeza dongosolo mwauzimu, ndi mbali akunja amene ali phosphates ribose unyolo. kuwunika masamu wa mapindidwe akuwala m'chigawo youma Koma sanaulule dongosolo oterewa, ndipo wakhala kuposa chaka pofuna kuthetsa kusiyana. Ndi chiyambi cha 1953 iye anazindikira kuti mitundu iwiri ndi mizere yozungulira awiri.

laureates wakuyiwala

Nthawiyi, pa Cavendish Laboratory ku Cambridge, Frensis Krik ndi Dzheyms Uotson ntchito pa chitsanzo ongolankhula ya DNA. Osati kukhala pafupi zedi ndi Franklin, mu January 1953, iwo aphunzira mfundo zofunika zokhudza kapangidwe ka deoxyribonucleic acid pa chimodzi cha X-ray, amene anawasonyeza Wilkins, komanso mwachidule mapepala ake unpublished ada mangala ndi Medical Council Research. Watson ndipo Crick sanauze ake kuti anaona zinthu ake ndipo anavomereza nawo ake ntchito yawo ndi kufalitsa uthenga wake wotchuka mu April. Kenako Creek anavomereza kuti m'chaka cha 1953, Franklin anali kuponya mwala pa kuzindikira za dongosolo olondola a DNA.

Kuphunzira mavairasi

Ndi nthawi Franklin walola kusamutsa maphunziro ake Laboratory wa Birkbeck College Crystallography Bernal, kumene anacheukira iye kapangidwe ka mbewu mavairasi (mwachitsanzo, fodya zithunzi). Rosalind anawapanga iwo molondola X-ray images, kugwira ntchito ndi gulu la asayansi, zimene zinaphatikizapo tsogolo Nobel Aroni Klug. mapindidwe akuwala kuwunika anasonyeza Inter zina zotere, kuti zinthu majini (RNA) HIV linayikidwa mu mkati zoteteza proteinaceous chigoba chake. Izi zinaphatikizapo mogwirizana ndi ofufuza ambiri, makamaka US. Franklin maulendo awiri yaitali mu 1954 ndi 1956 ndi wakhazikitsa zopezera ojambula kudutsa dziko, kuphatikizapo Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom ndi Uendellom Stenli. chinamuchitikira munda wakhala anazindikira mwa Institute Royal mu 1956, pamene mkulu wake anamupempha kuti kumanga sikelo chitsanzo cha ndodo zooneka ndi ozungulira mavairasi kwa World Science Exhibition 1958 ku Brussels.

Matenda, imfa komanso zotsatira

Mu kugwa kwa 1956, Franklin anapezeka ndi - khansa yamchiberekero. Pa miyezi 18, iye opaleshoni ndipo chinaperekedwa ku mankhwala ena. Iye anali nthawi yochepa ya chikhululukiro, imene anapitiriza ntchito choyezera, nafunafuna ndalama kwa gulu lake kafukufuku. Rosalind Franklin, DNA Kwaokha Lady, anamwalira mu London pa April 16, 1958.

Kwa ntchito yake zaka 16 wakhala lofalitsidwa 19 zokhudza sayansi pa khala ndi kaboni 5 DNA ndi 21 HIV. Mu zaka zapitazo, walandira anthu ambiri kulankhula pa misonkhano padziko lonse. Zikuoneka kuti ntchito mavairasi ndiyenera kubweretsa mphotho choyenera ndi kuzindikira akatswiri a Rosalind Franklin, matenda ndi imfa kulepheretsa.

Udindo mu Kupezeka kwa kapangidwe ndi DNA

Franklin ndi nyota sayansi khala umagwirira ndi kapangidwe ka mavairasi mowerengera anali kwambiri. m'nthawi yake pozindikira ichi moyo wake ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake. Koma chidwi kwambiri anthu anachititsa udindo wake mu Kupezeka kwa kapangidwe ndi DNA. Crick, Watson ndipo Wilkins nawo Mphoto Nobel mu 1962 chifukwa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kapena Medicine pa ntchito yake pa kapangidwe ka deoxyribonucleic acid. Ndiye palibe ndinaganiza za Rosalind.

Ntchito yake pa DNA, mwinamwake akanakhala zinaonedwa ngati Watson sanyozeka mu Maulendo mu 1968, lofalitsidwa pansi udindo "The kawiri Helix". Pali anayambitsa "mfundo zosangalatsa" za Rosalind Franklin yasonyezedwa pansi pa dzina Rose. Iye ananena kuti akhakula, amwano mkazi - "bluestocking" imene anateteza mwansanje deta awo ndi anzawo ku ntchito, ngakhale iye sankakhoza kumasulira iwo. M'buku lake anali wotchuka kwambiri, ngakhale ambiri otchulidwa, kuphatikizapo Crick, Wilkins ndi Laynus Poling, anatsutsa kutanthauzira izi, monga opereka ndemanga kwambiri.

Mu 1975, bwenzi la Rosalind Enn Seyr lofalitsidwa yonena munali anadzikaniza anakwiya mawu Watson, ndi udindo wa Franklin mu Kupezeka kwa kapangidwe ka DNA wakhala kwambiri kudziwika. Nkhani zambiri komanso mabuku ayesa kudziwa mmene mbali zake mu "mpikisano wokalandira helix awiri", nthawi zambiri zosonyeza wake monga wofera loteteza ufulu wa akazi, osauka a anzake Nobel Prize-misogynous ndi imfa ake oyambirira. Komabe, wolemba mbiri wake wachiwiri Brenda Maddox ananena kuti nawonso ndi caricature, amene chilungamo kubisa yokha Rosalind Franklin, chopereka kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala otchuka ndi ntchito yake wanzeru sayansi.