Letters: History ndi tanthauzo

Scientific ndi ntchito chikhalidwe chauzimu kalekale dera yofunika kwambiri pamoyo anthu chikhalidwe. Komabe, iye si bwenzi popanda njira zoyambirira za kulumikizana - chinenero. Chimodzi cha zazikulukulu mu mbiri ya anthu anali Latin. Iye adalenga wotchuka zolembalemba ndi sayansi chikumbutso cha dziko wakale. Letters ndi chinenero n'zofunika kwambiri m'banja luntha European, pundits, ndi mizimu kwa zaka zambiri atagwa chitukuko akale. Amakhulupirira ndi lero tikhoza kuona sayansi okwanira zaka. mawu Roma ndi mawu ali zonse nkhani mankhwala, mbiri za anthu, masamu. Mu moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku, taona ngakhale mu Russia tsiku lililonse mazana zolembedwa zilankhulo. Monga ulamuliro, ndi English, chimene sichiri kukokomeza kunena lero ukulamulira chikhalidwe ndi nkhani chilengedwe cha dziko. Komabe, sizinali nthawi zonse. Chingelezi watenga malo a mayiko okha atakalamba chi atsamunda. Kwa zaka zambiri izi zisanachitike zikutanthauza kulankhulana a mitundu pamodzi anatumikirapo monga Latin. Komanso, popanda yekha, zinenero zamakono European (ndi zina European chapakati komanso anthu a onse America) ali mu kulemba makalata awo. Pambuyo alifabeti onse a Latin ndi anthu Germany lero ndife ana mwachindunji kulemba akale. Ngakhale m'zinenero ndi kaphatikizidwe iwo amene ali khalidwe la malemu nyengo Roma ndi woipitsitsawu m'zilembo m'dera zochepa (monga Chitaliyana kapena Spanish) kapena zambiri (m'Chingerezi kapena German) magawo ya masika.

Magwero a zilembo

Koma panali zilembo okha? Izi ndi zimene makolo kwenikweni kuti? Mukamaphunzira ngakhale chozama mu mibado ya wakale, likukhalira kuti zilembo izi makamaka linachokera ku Greek. Yotsirizira, nayenso anali wolandira mwachindunji wa ku Foinike. Komabe, kusanduka mwachindunji mmene pamaziko a zilembo wakale Greek anapanga makalata, kufufuza mpaka akupambana. Palinso kungoganizira kuti ndondomeko ya mapangidwe awo zinakhudza polemba Etruscan. Ndipo nkhambakamwa chotchuka kwambiri mu mbiri yakale sing'anga-antichnikov kuyambira mzinda Etruscan kwenikweni chogwidwa zachikhalidwe ndi zauzimu za dziko la Italy mu nthawi chisanadze Roma (woyamba mafumu achiroma Etruscan choyambiriracho). Komanso, N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti kulemba Etruscan kwambiri, ngakhale kuti ofukula anabwezeretsa mayiwo, komabe undeciphered. Koma makalata Latin, woyamba anatulukira zolemba pachibwenzi VII m'ma BC alifabeti iyi poyamba inali makalata 21, 23 patapita ntchito mu chitukuko cha nyengo chakale cha Aroma chikhalidwe. Ndiye asilikali a Roma anakhalabe civilizational zawo chitsanzo m'maiko atatu.

Zilembo ndi manambala

Ndipo tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, popanda zilembo wotchuka, Italy anapatsa dziko ndi dongosolo chiwerengero. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali Koma mosiyana ndi makalata zaimela yoopsa mdani. Iwo anakhala Arab chitsanzo mawerengedwe. Ndi yotsirizira watsimikizira kukhala yabwino ndi ogwira koyamba kummawa ndipo kenako kumadzulo. Ntchito mawerengero achiroma lero amaona m'malo msonkho mwambo kuposa kuchita zomveka mokakamiza.