Ethology nyama ndi chiyani? Kuti amasanthula sayansi ya ethology?

ethology ndi chiyani? Ndi sayansi zomwe adaphunzira khalidwe la nyama. Pofuna kuphunzira mtundu winawake ndikofunikira kusunga iwo mu malo awo achilengedwe. Komabe, kuphunzira mfundo zakuya khalidwe ananena, zina angafunikire kunja alowererepo. Ethology amathandiza kufotokoza ankachita zovuta pakati mwachibadwa ndiyotengera khalidwe titadziwa ndi chilengedwe.

Magwero a ethology sayansi

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, khalidwe la nyama wakhala anaphunzira makamaka kudzera mwa zatsopano zasayansi. Njira imeneyi wazotsatira zachititsa kuti zinthu zambiri zazikulu, monga lamulo la zotsatira ndipo behaviorism. Ethology wakhala olemekezeka chilango zaka makumi angapo, pamene behaviorists European (ethologists) Dr. Konrad Lorenz ndi Niko Tinbergen anapatsa anthu amenewa atulukira zikuluzikulu monga imprinting, nthawi yovuta chitukuko, akapsa khalidwe, zochita maofesi mapulani abulusa khalidwe ndi mfundo za makhalidwe kusamutsidwa.

Lorenz ndi Tinbergen, pamodzi ndi kuonera khalidwe njuchi Karl Von Frisch nawo Mphoto Nobel mu 1973 chopereka awo kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama. Ngakhale zina zokhudza mfundo awo kenako kambirana ndi kusinthidwa, ndi mfundo zofunika kukhalabe chomwecho. Behaviorism ndi ethology - izi ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama; limodzi okha makamaka ndi mayesero zasayansi (biheviorizm) ndipo winayo zochokera maphunziro munda (ethology nyama). Zotsatira za maphunziro a sayansi onse kulola ife kuti kupereka bwino chithunzi cha khalidwe la nyama.

Kanthu chimene ethology, chinkhoswe mu asayansi amenewa otchuka wa malemu 19 ndi m'ma 20, Charles Darwin, A. Whitman, Uolles Kreyg ndi ena. Behaviorism - mawu amene limanenanso maphunziro a sayansi ndi cholinga cha khalidwe la nyama, koma kawirikawiri amatanthauza kuphunzira anawakonzera zochita khalidwe zinthu zasayansi ndi motsindika pang'ono pa kusinthasintha chisinthiko. naturalists ambiri akhala akuphunzira zinthu za khalidwe la nyama m'mbiri yonse ya anthu.

Science ethology

ethology ndi chiyani? Izi kagawo wa zamoyo zimene amaphunzira khalidwe la nyama kapena anthu. Monga ulamuliro, ethologists kuonera nyama zosiyanasiyana awo achilengedwe, iwo kuphunzira khalidwe lililonse ndi zinthu zimene zimakhudza khalidwe. Chitsanzo khalidwe - makhalidwe ndi mmene anthu a mitundu ina. More zovuta kuposa reflex, ndi mtundu wa titadziwa kumasuka limagwirira, adamulowetsa mwangozi zikuchitika ena.

Kumvetsa ethology ndi nyama khalidwe akhoza kukhala chinthu chofunika wa maphunziro a nyama. Kuphunzira makhalidwe chibadwidwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena Mitundu zimathandiza mphunzitsi wa kusankha nthumwi amene ali woyenerera kugwira ntchito limafuna. Njirayi imaperekanso mphunzitsi bwino yotithandiza khalidwe zachilengedwe ndi kuteteza osafunika.

Childs ethologists yesani kuyankha mafunso anayi zoyambirira za mitundu ya khalidwe:

1. Kodi chifukwa ndi polimbikitsa chitsanzo cha khalidwe.
2. Kodi kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya nyama nawo makhalidwe a.
3. Kodi ndi chifukwa kusintha khalidwe la nyama ndi chitukuko.
4. Kodi khalidwe amakhudza ovomerezeka ndipo anatengera nyama.

Lingaliro la ethology

Ethology nyama monga mfundo ndi wakhalapo kuyambira 1762, pamene akufotokozera France monga kuphunzira khalidwe la nyama. M'njira imeneyi, iwo ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi liwu loti "ethos", kumene akuti amakono anachokera ku ethology. Komabe popanda mawu ethology ndi "makhalidwe" ndi mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mabuku achingelezi ndi "sayansi ya chilengedwe." Woyambitsa wa ethology masiku ano sing'anga ndi katswiri Konrad Lorenz. Kudzera ntchito mwadongosolo njira zamoyo kafukufuku, iye kusanthula khalidwe la nyama.

Woyamba makono buku pa ethology kuphunzira mwachibadwa linalembedwa mu 1951 ndi Nicolaas Tinbergen. Anaona angapo a anayambitsa ethology sayansi, kuphatikizapo Spalding (1873), Darwin (1872), Whitman (chaka cha 1898), Altumy (1868) ndi Craig (1918) chidwi sayansi khalidwe la nyama. Kuti ndi ethology, komanso phunziro la ake, tinayamba kulabadira. sayansi ankaona wodziimira nthambi ya zinyama mwamsanga 1910. Mu amachita masiku ano tanthauzo ethology ndi maphunziro a sayansi khalidwe la nyama, komanso mbali zina za khalidwe la munthu. Mawu akuti "nyama zamaganizo" ndi zina ntchito, koma ndi nkhani mwangwiro mbiri.

zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe la nyama: kuphunzira

Ethology amaphunzira khalidwe la nyama zitsanzo osiyana, amene ndiye wachinsinsi ndi poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe a mitundu ina, makamaka yogwirizana. Nkofunika kuti nyama kuonerera anali mu malo awo achilengedwe kapena pafupi-achilengedwe. kuzipenya zina mu ukapolo kaŵirikaŵiri chofunika.

Ngakhale maphunziro imatengedwa zofunika kwambiri khalidwe la nyama, munthu wa ntchito yaikulu ya ethology ndi kuphunzira khalidwe dongosolo titadziwa khalidwe la anthu onse a mitundu chomwecho. Ataphunzira zitsanzo izi, mwakonzeka tifotokoza kusintha khalidwe chifukwa cha maphunziro. Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa kusintha kulikonse mu mawonekedwe kapena mphamvu ya dongosolo khalidwe pa moyo wa munthu zikuphatikizapo maphunziro ngati njira kupeza zinachitikira.

Zitsanzo za khalidwe la nyama

khalidwe la nyama zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana zochita. Mungapereke chitsanzo: njovu kuthirira mbidzi pa mosungiramo a. N'chifukwa chiyani ankachita zimenezi? Ichi ndi masewera kapena manja chokomera? Kwenikweni kupopera mbidzi - si wochezeka manja. Elephant akuyesera kungosiya kutali mbidzi waterhole. Zitsanzo za khalidwe la nyama zingachititse kuchuluka yaikulu Mwachitsanzo, pamene galu akukhala pa lamulo, kapena mphaka amene kuyesera kumugwira mbewa. Khalidwe la nyama zikuphatikiza zochitika zonse zimavuta ndi mzake ndi chilengedwe.

Kusasitsa mwachibadwa ndiponso chibadwa

Kale mu 1760, Pulofesa ku Hamburg Hermann Samuel Reimarus anaululira dziko maganizo "kusasitsa achibadwidwe" nalongosola kusiyana luso kobadwa nako ndi zinazake. Titadziwa maluso monga kufunafuna chakudya kapena kumvetsa chinenero gule wa njuchi kupezeka pa kubadwa. Kuti azolowere bwinobwino, nyama ayenera kukhala nazo zambiri ake za chilengedwe. Mayankho amafunso amenewa mukhonza kuwonjezekeredwa mu DNA, kapena kusungidwa mu kukumbukira, kutanthauza zingakhale kobadwa nako kapena kugula. Mu dongosolo zovuta khalidwe nthaŵi zambiri zimene zimachitika pakati pa zinthu zonse.

Kufufuza zapansi majini a khalidwe ndi yofunika gawo ethology. Mwachitsanzo, ulendo wa mitundu iwiri ya abakha, ndiwo zosiyanasiyana chibwenzi pa mating nyengo, zingabweretse hybrids ndi makhalidwe osiyana kwambiri nthawi imeneyi, wosiyana kholo, koma alipo khalidwe la ananena makolo wamba mitundu. Komabe, mpaka tsopano si bwino zimene zokhudza thupi zimayambitsa ali ndi udindo kusiyana.

Nature Versus asamalidwe: zamoyo za khalidwe la nyama

Ethology, sayansi ya khalidwe la nyama, monga ulamuliro, limafotokoza khalidwe mu pompo-pompo komanso amayang'ana makhalidwe monga zamoyo zinachita-dziphunzitsiranso khalidwe. Ngati khalidwe la nyama umalamulidwa ndi chibadwa, iwo akhoza kusintha kudzera kusankha zamoyo. makhalidwe chinsinsi chifukwa cha chibadwa, ndi zina - zinachitikira moyo mu chilengedwe makamaka. Funso ndiloti ngati khalidwe makamaka olamulidwa ndi chibadwa kapena chilengedwe, nthawi zambiri nkhani ya mtsutso. makhalidwe khalidwe anafotokozedwa monga chikhalidwe (majini) ndi maphunziro (chilengedwe).

Agalu, mwachitsanzo, mtima wokonda zinthu mwa njira inayake poyerekezera ndi agalu ena, mwina olamulidwa ndi chibadwa. Komabe, khalidwe zimaikidwa bbwino akukhala palibe agalu ena. Mwana wagalu, amene anakulira kudzipatula, amaopa agalu ena kapena zinthu azitengapo kwa iwo. Chilengedwe komanso kukhala ndi makhalidwe monga iwo bwino kuwonjezera olimba nyama kuti akutsatiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mimbulu kusaka pamodzi mu paketi ankatha kugwira nyama ndi kwambiri. Choncho, nkhandwe limapezeka zambiri kupulumuka ndi kupatsira chibadwa chawo kuti m'badwo wotsatira.

Zimayambitsa khalidwe kumaphatikizapo zikuchitika zonse zimene zimakhudza khalidwe, kaya Link (chakudya kapena zolusa) amakumana (mahomoni kapena kusintha wamanjenje dongosolo). Cholinga cha yankho makamaka khalidwe ndi zimakhudza mwachindunji pa khalidwe la nyama ina Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kukopa naye kwa mating. Development wa khalidwe kugwirizana ndi zochitika kapena makhalidwe amene khalidwe kusintha pa moyo wa chinyama. Evolution khalidwe amagwirizana ndi chiyambi cha khalidwe ndi momwe kusintha ndi kusintha kwa mibadwo.