Ndege mlengi Igor Sikorsky: yonena, zoyambitsidwa

Lero, Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich ophatikizapo chitukuko bwino za mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya ndege zamakono. Akuluakulu anayi injini ndege, chimphona zouluka mabwato ndi ndege za helikoputala wosiyanasiyana, amene anathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha ndege, anaonekera chifukwa cha namatetule wa ndege lodziwika bwino.

Igor Sikorsky: yonena

Ndege mpainiya amene anabadwa May 25, 1889 mu Kiev, Ukraine (ndiye - pa Russian Ufumu). atate wake, Ivan, anali sing'anga ndi pulofesa wa za maganizo. Mayi anali digiri dokotala, koma kuchita zimenezi sizinachitikepo nawo. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich mtundu wa ganizo zawo - makolo ake kuyambira m'masiku a Peter ine mtumiki wa tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, choncho, iwo anali Russian. Mmodzi wa chokumbukira oyambirira ndi nkhani ya mayi akuyesetsa kuti Leonardo da Vinci kupanga ndege. Kuyambira nthawi kuti maloto ndege analanda m'maganizo mwake, ngakhale kuti iye akungokhalira ikunenedwa n'zosatheka kutsimikizira izi. Kenako zaka 12, Igor Sikorsky anamanga chitsanzo ndege. Ntchito pa mphamvu ya magulu zopotoka labala, kapangidwe anawuka mu mlengalenga. Tsopano mnyamata ankadziwa kuti maloto ake sanali wakulungama zopeka.

ulendo mantha

Patapita zaka zingapo, pamene Igor ndi bambo ake akugona Germany, anaphunzira za imalankhula airship woyamba kugwiridwa ndi Chiwerengero Von Zeppelin. Iye kuwerenga za ndege bwino abale Wright, ndipo anagwidwa ndi chakuti nyuzipepala inati kupambana lalikulu kulisindikiza kakang'ono pa tsamba lomaliza. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Sikorsky anaganiza kuti adzipereke moyo wake kwa ndege. cholinga yake yeniyeni anali kukhala chipangizo kuti akhoza fungatirani pa mfundo imodzi kapena zimauluka malangizo wolakalakika - pa ndege.

Iye anayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano awo mu chipinda chaching'ono hotelo, kupanga ozungulira ndi kuyeza ake m'mwamba. Atabwerera ku Kiev Igor anaponya Polytechnic Institute ndipo anayamba afufuza kwambiri m'madera akutulukira wa sayansi. Iye sanali ngakhale makumi awiri, iye anali ndi khama ndi zambiri maganizo, koma pang'ono zothandiza zinachitikira ndi ndalama.

School of aeronautics

Igor Sikorsky posachedwa anapita ku Paris kugula injini ndi madera ena ndege wake. Kumeneko, pa airfield m'deralo, fungo la moto Kasitolo mafuta ndi mtundu ungwiro, zitsanzo akulu a ndege, kuyesera kuuluka, anasiya chizindikiro kukoma pa moyo wake. Posachedwa Sikorski anagwirizana kumene analenga, kwambiri mwamwayi French aeronautics sukulu, wofunitsitsa wophunzira sanapeze mwayi uliwonse kuti mumlengalenga. Pogula atatu yamphamvu Anzani injini, anakumana Louis Bleriot, amene anagula injini kwa monoplane watsopano. Patapita milungu ingapo, ndi Bleriot wolimba analowa mbiri ya ndege, anapanga ndege yoyamba kudutsa English Channel. zinachitikazo kwambiri zochita pofuna kukwaniritsa ndege.

Kamangidwe loyamba

Ndi m'ma 1909, Igor Sikorsky anamaliza ndege yake yoyamba. Koma, ziribe kanthu momwe wake wapawiri potsimikizira-onsewo ozungulira kupyola mlengalenga, unit sasamalira chilakolako pang'ono kusuntha. Sikorski potsiriza anamanga biplane ndi June chaka chomwecho izo liukitsidwa mamita angapo mu mlengalenga. Pamene iye analawa kupambana kwa ochuluka monga khumi masekondi. M'miyezi yotsatira, Igor analenga prototypes ena iwo kukhala lalifupi ndege ndipo nthawi zambiri anathyola iwo, sizachilendo mu masiku oyambirira a ndege. Koma akugwiritsa ntchito mbali undamaged pomanga motere, bwino chitsanzo. Sikorski sanali kukhumudwa ndi kulephera woyamba, chifukwa kwambiri anaphunzira za ndege ndipo iye anali wotsimikiza kuti ngati sanayende ndi ndege, amene adzakhala pambuyo pake, nthawi onetsetsani kuti kuuluka.

Kuzindikila

Ndi kasupe oyambirira 1910 kuyesa yachiwiri pa rotorcraft mzere iwo unakonzedwa, amene anagwira ntchito mwakhama Sikorski. The ndege anali ngati wamakani monga Mlengi wake. Khama mlengi anali osiririka, koma pang'onopang'ono anazindikira chisoni kuti iyeyo anali patsogolo ntchito nthawi yake komanso ayenera kumanga ndege chikhalidwe.

Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito Sikorsky ndege ankakumbukira maloto kumanga ndege wabwino. Posachedwapa iye analandira dipuloma kwa katswiri wa Imperial Onse-Russia aeroclub ndi ayendetsa asilikali pafupi Kiev waonetsa C-5 ake. Pali ndege anakumana Tsar Nicholas II. Kenako chitsanzo C-6a analandira mphoto apamwamba pa mpweya zimasonyeza mu Moscow. Koma mwana chochitika, pamene, chifukwa cha udzudzu yatsekera mafuta mzere, ndi Sikorsky anakakamizika kuti ndegeyo pangozi, kunapezeka kuti chakupha.

"Ilya Muromets" - ndege chimphona

Zimenezi zinachititsa ndegeyo ndi maganizo kukula kudalirika kwa ndege pogwiritsa ntchito injini angapo - ndi mfundo zapadera ndi kwakukulu pa nthawi. Sikorski akufuna kumanga zinayi injini biplane chachikulu (kwa nthawi) kukula. ndege dzina "Grand". Kutsogolo kwa ndegeyo unali waukulu panja khonde. A otakasuka zonyamula chipinda imakhala kuseri cockpit lapansi.

Mu May 1913 ndege anachita mayeso ake choyamba ndege. ndegeyi anali mphindi osangalala, monga ambiri Sikorski anati zimenezi ndege yaikulu akhoza kuuluka. Chikhulupiriro chake mu malingaliro awo ndi mtima kumamatira kwa awo awo zikhulupiriro M'patseni makumi khumi. Tsar Nicholas II anabwera kudzayendera "Grand" ndi chitukuko cha woyamba zinayi injini ndege ndege mlengi wapereka ulonda lalembedwa. Atalimbikitsidwa ndi Sikorsky anapanga ndege zikuluzikulu, akuti "Ilya Muromets". The ndege anali ndi mlatho lotseguka pamwamba fuselage, kumene okwera wolimba chiriri ndi kusangalala ndi zokongola pansipa. Big Sitimayo kugirigisha usilikali, ndipo akuluakulu a Russian Navy anafika ku Petrograd kuyendera Mwachitsanzo, zida ndi pontoons.

The World loyamba

Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Russia ndi akumenya mu First World nkhondo. "Ilya Muromets" anali lidzasinthidwa yoponya mabomba, omwe anakhala maziko a mpweya amanyansidwa Russian ndi dziko la Germany. Okwana ndegeyo nawo maulendo oposa 400, ndi imodzi yokha kuonongeka ndi moto odana ndi ndege. Pamene mu 1917 Chisinthiko cha Bolshevik kusesa ufumu, nkhani yathu ngwazi anaganiza kuti achoke m'dzikolo. M'chaka cha 1918, Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, amene banja lake anatsala ku Russia, kusiya zinthu zathu, anapita ku Paris, komwe anayamba kupanga yoponya mabomba lalikulu kwa Air Service United States Army. Koma mapeto a nkhondo anabweretsa kutha kwa ntchito yake. Patapita miyezi ingapo, iye anasamuka ku US, Sikorsky kukwaniritsa maloto a moyo wake. Mu United States, analibe mabwenzi kapena ndalama. Koma anauziridwa, chifukwa ndinkaganiza kuti m'dzikoli anthu ndi malingaliro ataima ndi mwayi wopambana.

The maloto American

Patapita nthawi yochepa ntchito pakampaniyo "McCook Field" mu Dayton, Ohio, kuthandiza kukhala wapamwamba-yoponya mabomba. Koma pamene ndegeyo ankaona akufa nthambi ya makampani ndi ulova Sikorski anabwerera ku New York. Osati kupeza ntchito makampani ndege, anayamba lecturing anthu ochokera kwina Russian mu masamu ndi zakuthambo. Pa nthawi yomweyo anapita ku airfields m'dera ndi kulakalaka anaonerera alendo ndege. Igor anayamba wophunzitsa pa phunziro la ndege ndi wotetezedwa ndi mwayi chuma kubwerera chifukwa amakonda. Sikorsky anayamba mapasa-injini malonda ndege, amatha kunyamula m'basimo 12 15 - wotsogolera wa yonyamula ano.

choyamba American

Pambuyo wambirimbiri ndalama chofunika, Sikorsky anayamba kumanga ndegeyo mu khola la munda nkhuku pa Long Island. Koma ziwalo zonse zinali ndalama zokwanira, ndipo ntchito kwambiri mwa zigawo abwino kuchokera landfills m'deralo. injini anali akale, First World nkhondo. Pomaliza, kwambiri Russian Wolemba Sergei Rachmaninoff kupulumutsidwa countryman muzimvetsera kuchuluka kwa $ 5,000. Pamene ndege yatsopano anali wokonzeka podziwa wosapitirira ndege, ndi ogwira ndege eyiti anasonkhana pa bolodi. Igor Sikorsky anadziwa kuti anali kulakwitsa, koma sindinadziwe asapeze. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono kuyamba injini analephera, ndi Igor anapanga ankafika pangozi, kwambiri kuwononga ndege. Zinaoneka kuti anali mapeto. Koma Sikorski kale anaphunzira osaleka ndipo patatha miyezi yochepa kubwezeretsedwa ndege wotchedwa C-29-A. Letter "A" akuimira mawu "America". C-29-A anali ndege n'zosadabwitsa zabwino, kuonetsetsa bwino ndalama kampani Sikorsky. Aviator Roscoe Turner anagula ndege kuti achite zonse ndi hayala ndege. Kenako unit ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zouluka ndudu sitolo.

Mu 1926, dziko lonse ndege dziko anasangalala mphoto kuchuluka kwa $ 25,000, limene bungwe la munthu amene wachita thro ndege pakati New York ndi Paris. Sikorski anafunsidwa kuti Amanga atatu injini biplane kwa French nkhondo ngwazi Mnazareti Fonck, anakonza kulandira mphoto. Anthu ogwira ntchito m'sitimawo mofulumira ndi kukonzekera komaliza lisanathe mayeso ndege. Pa zinthu zofunika lomwa ndege anasamukira kudzera chiundocho. Masekondi ochepa chabe, iye anasanduka chimoto Woyaka. Fonck pang'onong'ono koma anthu awiri adalira anaphedwa. Pasanapite nthawi ndi wolimba wa ku France analamula ndege ina kwa nthawi yachiwiri ndiyesere mphoto. Koma pamaso imene inamangidwa, palibe amene akudziwa Charles Lindbergh anamaliza moyo wake ndege payekha kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic, adzalandira mphoto ndi kusirira kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

"The clipper American"

Apanso, kampani Sikorsky anali kumenyera linakhalapo. Anagwirizana kumanga amapasa-injini amphibian. The ndege inali yopindulitsa kwambiri ndi odalirika, ndipo Sikorsky analenga mndandanda wa ndege. Pasanapite nthawi, ndi Pan American Airways ntchito achule yomanga ya njira mpweya yatsopano ku Central ndi South America.

Posachedwa Sikorski anali malamulo koposa mmene iye akanakhoza kukwaniritsa. Iye reorganized kampaniyo ndipo anamanga fakitale yatsopano ku Stratford, Conn. Patapita chaka chimodzi, kampani anakhala anali kwathunthu wocheperapo "United ndege Corporation". Sikorsky anapereka kumanga yaikulu zolimba panyanja zoyendera ndege kuti Pan Am, amene anali kukhala mpainiya m'munda zoyendera Trans-zikuluzikulu. Wamkulu "American Clipper" ndi wachiwiri latsopano mtundu wa ndege, ndege mlengi analenga. Miyeso ya ndege ndi pafupifupi kawiri kukula kwa ndege zina pa nthawi. Kumapeto kwa 1931, pambuyo Akazi Gerbert Guver "mtanda" "Clipper", Charles Lindbergh anapanga kaye kuthawa Miami kuti Panama Canal.

Lalikulu zouluka bwato anali wotsogolera mndandanda wa aparata ofanana kuti kunapangitsa US mpweya maulendo kudutsa nyanja. Pakati pa abwino anali C-42, umene unakwaniritsidwa mu 1934 ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri amene chinathandiza Lindbergh patsiku anapereka timva 8 dziko liwiro, osiyanasiyana ndi payload! Posakhalitsa, Pan Am zouluka bwato ntchito kutsegula limasonyeza mpweya pakati pa US ndi Argentina. Patapita miyezi sikisi, wina "Clipper" Anauluka kutuluka pa Alameda, California ndipo anatsegula njira ina mpweya Hawaii. Pambuyo maulendo ena mpweya kudutsa Pacific ku New Zealand. Mu 1937, wina "clipper" anapanga woyamba zonse ndege kudutsa North Atlantic. Tsopano wamkulu transatlantic ndege Sikorsky ankachita mayendedwe malonda kudzera onse nyanja yaikulu.

Kutulo

Pazaka zonse izi za bwino ndege mlengi Igor Sikorsky sanaiwale ankafunitsitsa kumanga ndi ndege othandiza. Iye konse za izo monga luso, kani anali maloto, iye ankafuna kubweretsa moyo kuposa china chilichonse. Mu 1939, Sikorsky Kenako, ndinazindikira cholinga cha moyo wake, popeza njira yoyamba ndege weniweni. Koma chipangizo amenewa zatsopano ndi zovuta vuto kuti mlengi anali kudzipereka kwa kuthetsa izo. Zinali zovuta malowo nzeru zake zonse, mphamvu ndi chikondi kuwuluka. Koma Izi zinali mwayi wake kachiwiri kukhala pafupi vuto latsopano, limene kwa nthawi yaitali akulakalaka Sikorsky. The ndege anali munthu cholinga ndege zoposa makumi atatu. Ndipo tsopano, m'chaka cha 1939, anayamba mamangidwe ake pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo anapeza pa nthawi yonse iyi. Mwa September unit anali wokonzeka mayeso oyamba. makina anali munthu chachikulu ndi tiwiri wononga kumapeto kwa gawo tubular wa fuselage wa - kutsutsa makokedwe. Komanso, ntchito dongosolo lapadera kusintha mbali ya masamba ozungulira pa kasinthasintha. Mu amazipanga lalifupi isanu ndi umodzi nthawi yakhala kugonjetsa limodzi mwa mavuto Osamva la ndege.

Kusintha kwa kapangidwe mu 1941. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich anapulumutsa Nkhani yoyambirira ya nthawi ya ndege - 1 ora mphindi 5 ndi masekondi 14. Patapita masiku awiri, zida ndi zoyandama za makina akhoza kuyamba pa mtunda ndi pa madzi. Choncho Sikorski anathandiza wake wachitatu wofunika kuti ndege zili loto la chachilendo ukuuluka makina, amene adzatumikira utumiki wangwiro kwambiri kwa anthu ndi tisangalatse dziko ndi maneuverability ake apamwamba mu mlengalenga. Komanso, ndege adzakhala chipilala kuti munthu chosagwedera chikhulupiriro mu loto kwambiri ndi kwambiri azidzidalira, amene amaloledwa kukwaniritsa cholinga.

Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, Kutulukira amene anasiya chizindikiro noticeable pa mbiriyakale ya ndege, anafa October 26, 1972.