Cabotage - ndi chiyani ichi?

Choyamba, tiyeni kuthana ndi chakuti cabotage amenewa. mawu awa, chimene chikutanthauza njira ya panyanja m'chombo kuchokera ku doko ku doko, popanda kusiya m'dziko limodzi. Lingaliro amadziwika kuti aliyense wakuchita makampani m'madzi. Koma atsopano, iwo ambiri panyanja mawu mwamtheradi si bwino ndi chifukwa mafunso ambiri. Pofuna dziŵani anthu awa ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu za izi mtundu wa kayendedwe, takonzekera nkhaniyi.

lingaliro ambiri

mawu onse apanyanja ndi mankhwala ndi kubwera kwa mawu ena waukulu kiyi. "Cabotage" - yotero. Mawu amenewa amachokera ku Spanish "Cabo" omwe anamasuliridwa njira Russian "Cape". Popeza kuti ndi kusambira, ndipo ankatchedwa kalelo cabotage. Akuyandama ku Cape wina sitima zina sanawolokere malire a mayiko ena, motero akupitiriza chinthu monga zoyendera National mwa nyanja. Komanso masiku amenewo, izo zimatanthauza kuti ngalawayo chinkhoswe pa maulendo sitinadzere m'nyanja. Kotero ife kwinaku ndikulimbana ndi Scandinavia, Agiriki ndi Aigupto. Zinafika nthawi yathu ndi mawu ndi matanthauzo ake. Masiku ano ophimba oterowo wamalonda bulu, mfundo "cabotage" munakhala ngati nduna yaitali. Komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti chombo samabwera ku nyanja, ndipo kokha kudutsa kwa malire boma. Mwachitsanzo, ku Soviet Union, kotero akuti otchedwa Transport, umene uli mwa madzi:

• Black ndi Azov Pacific.
• White Nyanja ndi Ocean Arctic.
• Japan, nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Nyanja Bering.

Childs, ziwiya zina anafuna kuti ulendo woterewu.

Ubwino magalimoto

M'madzi kayendedwe Masiku ano kupeza ndi abwino maganizo ndi akukonda kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti dziko lathuli aphimbidwa ndi mitsempha madzi ndi mitsempha, kulumikiza ndi mnzake, kuti kumalo wina ndi nyanja sayambitsa mavuto alionse. Mtundu wa mayendedwe ndi odalirika okwanira bespereboen. Ndi mwayi waukulu ndi kuti ndalama zoyendera ngati ndi mtengo kwambiri kuposa Mwachitsanzo, mpweya. Komanso chikhalidwe cha katundu wina akhoza safuna kuwasuntha amenewo ndi mpweya kapena pa motorway pa makina, pamene panyanja izo zikhoza kuchitidwa mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta.

mitundu ya cabotage

Pali mitundu yambiri ya mtundu wa kayendedwe. Kuyamba, amaona kuchokera amazionera a m'deralo, kumene kuli ndondomeko:

• Chile cabotage - ulendo wa ngalawa pamodzi kumtunda, pamene Izo sizimapita mu aliyense doko, yomwe ili pa zilumba za kuti State.
• Island cabotage - Pankhaniyi chotengeracho angachichite ndege kuchokera kumtunda kwa chilumbachi ndi kumbuyo, ndi pakati pa zilumba, koma asapitirire malire a dziko lawo.

Ngati tikulingalira cabotage ku mawonedwe ngalandezi, palinso kusiyana:

• Maritime cabotage - ndiye kuti akuchita ophimba pa katundu aliyense kapena anthu ndi mwayi kapena alibe mwayi wowerenga nyanja.
• Mtsinje cabotage - sakhala ndi kusambira mu nyanja, ndi kokha kayendedwe ka mtsinje kumtunda madzi. Posachedwapa, mtundu wa mayendedwe pafupifupi konse ntchito, chifukwa ambiri nyumba yokumba kupanga n'zosatheka kusuntha momasuka mitsinje.

Poganizira yoyamba Panyanja, tingasiyanitsire mitundu ya izo:

• Small cabotage, kutanthauza gulu mkati yemweyo madzi m'thupi, m'mphepete mwanyanja, osati mu madzi lotseguka.
• Large, pamene chotengera chimachititsanso ku nyanja wina ndi mzake, kapena mu nyanja.

Akatswiri amanena lalikulu cabotage zombo mwini Greece, ndi zoyendera ofanana kumathandiza kwambiri pa chuma cha dziko.

mitundu ya mabwalo amilandu

Coaster - palibe kanthu ngati sitima, zomwe zimachititsa kutumiza m'dziko sadzapulumuka kupitirira malire ake. Ngalawa zimenezi pali mitundu ingapo ndipo aliyense ali ndi makhalidwe yake. Pakuti zoyendera bwino katundu ayenera kuganizira wotani chotengera muli magalimoto kuti apewe mavuto pa ulendo wa. Kulemera osachepera kuti akhoza kukwaniritsa chombo chilichonse amenewa ndi matani zikwi khumi, kupanga mayendedwe ngati wokongola kwambiri, ngakhale kuti nthawi yobereka chifukwa liwiro wodekha kuyenda. Ife atchule ambiri:

• Yonyamula katundu - ntchito kunyamula zolimba, ndi zolimba zambiri kapena katundu amene mmatumba mu muli wapadera;
• Chidebe - lakonzedwa kuti zoyendera katundu ankanyamula mu muli yapadera ya kukula ena;
• Ro-Ro - zokuzira ndi zida lakonzedwa kunyamula zosiyanasiyana magalimoto;
• Pamadzi - ntchito zoyendera za katundu madzi omwe anazitsanulira mwa akasinja wapadera ndipo kumapeto kwa kuk amawapopa mu akasinja wapadera;
• firiji - okonzeka ndi zipinda zapadera ozizira anafuna mankhwala zikhoza kuwonongeka;
• mbandakucha - makamaka anapanga chombo mayendedwe a zoyatsira; kukachitika kuti pali mavuto ndi potsegula katundu chifukwa cha kusowa malo, mankhwala akuvutika kumtunda zoyatsira ang'ono, amene ndiye anaikidwa chotengera lalikulu, zida ndi nsanja wapadera kwa ogwiritsa.

amatsatira malamulo

Monga mukuonera, cabotage - ndi m'zigawozigawo lingaliro kuti ali mbali zambiri. Koma chinthu chachikulu mu nkhani iyi - kutsatira mbali zonse mwalamulo. Nkofunika kuti sender ndi wolandila katundu kuti onse wawo. Choncho musanayambe tsegula katundu, maphwando ayenera pangafunike kulemba pangano. Mu mgwirizano, chipani chimodzi mu nkhope ya nthandala undertakes kupulumutsa katundu popanda kuwononga n'kupita mwachindunji kwa chipani china mu nkhope ya wolandira. Pakuti ichi chonyamulira amalandira ndalama chisanadze anavomera.

Tikumbukenso kuti mbiri ubale malamulo mderali kunayamba akale. Ngakhale ndiye Eni anapanga malire mchikhalidwe kuti zonse kusankha zinthu zoyendera. Chinsinsi ichi wakhala kupulumutsa katundu labwinobwino kapena kulipidwa vuto la kusowa kapena kuwononga katundu.

zolembedwa

Komanso mgwirizano, pali mapepala ena kuti zonse kutumiza. Pakati pawo:

• mtengo wonyamulira katundu - chikalata waukulu mkulu wa mankhwala;
• nyanja waybill;
• doko chiphaso;
• kaye yobereka;
• Chiphaso cha kuyenda panyanja ya;
• nyumba yosungiramo katundu chiphaso.

zolembedwa zosiyanasiyana ntchito afotokoze, ndipo mtundu wa zimadalira kuti lokhazikitsidwa kampani zoyendera, ndi mtima wa sender lapansi.