Mafuta-exporting mayiko. The Waogula Zinthu Kunja waukulu wa mafuta - mndandanda

Ambiri m'mayiko mafuta yotulutsa akhoza kupanga ndalama zake chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa gwero waukulu. Koma mphamvu mitengo kukula sizikanakhala zotheka ngati mayiko osauka sali ogwirizana.

M'mayiko mafuta yotulutsa gulu

Pamaso ife tikupeza zomwe mabungwe kuti zonse kupanga mafuta ndi zinthu kukhazikitsa, m'pofunika kumvetsa zimene boma ilowa. Choncho, mafuta chachikulu Waogula Zinthu Kunja ndi maiko kumene ncho. Mmenemonso, ndiwo atsogoleri a dziko kubala migolo oposa biliyoni pa chaka.

Akatswiri a m'mayiko onse m'magulu angapo:

- OPEC mamembala;

- United States ndi Canada;

- North Sea mayiko;

- zina limati lalikulu.

World utsogoleri wa gulu loyamba.

Mbiri ya OPEC

Gulu lapadziko lonse umene umabweretsa pamodzi zikuluzikulu mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja, mChipangano ndi cartel. Izo analengedwa ndi mayiko angapo kuti ziziyenda mitengo ya zipangizo zofunika yaiwisi. Bungweli amatchedwa OPEC (English OPEC -. The bungwe la mafuta Exporting Mayiko).

The mafuta exporting waukulu mayiko, amene anali mayiko omwe akutukuka ogwirizana mu 1960. Pakhala wosaiwalika pa msonkhano September mu Baghdad. kanthu anali kulimbikitsa maiko asanu: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait ndi Venezuela. Izi zinachitika pambuyo 7 makampani waukulu transnational amalima mafuta, umene umatchedwanso "Zisanu ndi Alongo", yafupika unilaterally kugula pa mtengo mafuta. Ndipotu, malinga mtengo iwo anayenera kulipira lendi pa ufulu kukhala madipoziti ndi misonkho.

Koma limati kumene palokha zamumtima yopanga mafuta m'gawo lake ndiponso kuwayang'anira masuku pamutu chuma. Ndi kupatsidwa chakuti mu 1960 zimenezi zili kotunga yaiwisi kuposa anthu, ndiye munthu zolinga za OPEC anali kuteteza mtengo zina m'tali.

Kuyamba

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe lonse la mayiko mafuta exporting anayamba nayenso. Choncho, pa 1960 chiwerengero cha mayiko m'gulu OPEC, ali kawiri. Anayamba gulu la Indonesia, Qatar, Libya, Algeria, ndi United Arab Emirates. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kulengeza Analeredwa, kukonza ndondomeko mafuta. Iwo anati kuti mayiko ndi ufulu woika okhazikika pa chuma chawo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zofuna za chitukuko.

Major mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja mu dziko mu 1970 anatenga ulamuliro wathunthu pa ulimi wa madzi kuyaka. Zili kwa OPEC ntchito mtengo wakhala yozungulira, wokwera pa gwero yaiwisi. Nthawi imeneyi, anagwirizana bungwe, ndi mayiko ena mafuta exporting. mndandanda wakula kuti akuphatikizapo anthu 13: mulinso Ecuador, Nigeria ndi Gabon.

kusintha koyenera

Koma ndizovuta nthawi 1980. zitsulo. Ndipotu, kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zimenezi, mitengo awonjezera unprecedentedly. Koma ndi 1986 anali pansi, anapereka mtengo pafupifupi 10 madola pa mbiya. Izi zinandipweteka kwambiri, anavutika m'mayiko onse mafuta exporting. OPEC anakwanitsa ziziyenda mtengo wa zipangizo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kukambirana ndi wakhazikitsidwa ndi mayiko amene simuli bungwe ili. Komanso anapereka quotas mafuta kupanga anthu OPEC. The cartel anali atagwirizana limagwirira mitengo.

Tanthauzo la OPEC

Kumvetsa lonse mumaganiza mafuta msika ndikofunika kudziwa kusonkhezera OPEC anasintha zinthu. Choncho, mu 1970 kumayambiriro, mayiko membala kuunikira 2 okha% ya kupanga mtundu wa nkhaniyi yaiwisi. Kale mu 1973, boma anaonetsetsa kuti m'manja mwawo unasamutsidwa 20% kupanga mafuta, ndipo pofika mu 1980 chinali chaka ndi nkhani oposa 86% wa makope onse a gwero la. Polingalira za mayiko izi mafuta exporting, Mawuwa analembedwa OPEC, akhala kudziletsa kudziwa mphamvu msika. mabungwe Transnational ndi nthawi kuti anataya mphamvu zawo, chifukwa cha boma kukafika kotheka nationalized onse mafuta makampani.

mumaganiza General

Koma si onse m'mayiko mafuta exporting anali mbali ya apadera mabungwe lonse. Mwachitsanzo, cha mma 1990, boma Gabon a waganiza amachoka mu OPEC, mu nthawi yomweyo, Ecuador mongoyembekezera inaimitsidwa nawo zochitika za gulu (kuchokera 1992 mpaka 2007). Russia, amene ali ndi udindo kutsogolera mwa mawu a ulimi wa gwero izi, mu 1998 anakhala wina ku cartel lapansi.

Panopa, anthu OPEC mu okwana kunyamula 40% ya mafuta kupanga dziko. Pankhaniyi, iwo eni 80% ya nkhokwe anatsimikizira za nkhaniyi yaiwisi. Gulu la Yehova likhoza kusintha mlingo chofunika kupanga mafuta m'mayiko nawo ndi kuwonjezeka kapena kulitsitsa nokha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mayiko ambiri chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha miyala ya gwero ichi, ntchito pa mphamvu zonse.

Major Waogula Zinthu Kunja

Tsopano mamembala OPEC ndi maiko 12. Ena States anayamba kukhala ndi zopangira m'munsi, ntchito paokha. Mwachitsanzo izi ndi waukulu mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja, monga Russia ndi United States. Iwo si ataphimbidwa ndi chikoka OPEC ndi gulu lake si ulembedwe zikhalidwe za ulimi ndi malonda a zipangizo. Koma iwo ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi mumaganiza padziko lonse kuti chimatanthauza limati membala cartels. Pa nthawi, Russia ndi United States zatenga malo kutsogolera mu dziko msika, pamodzi ndi Saudi Arabia. Malinga ndi mlingo wa flammable madzi m'zigawo iliyonse boma zoposa 10%.

Koma si onse mayiko akuluakulu mafuta exporting. Mndandanda wa pamwamba khumi mulinso China, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait, ndi United Arab Emirates.

Tsopano m'mayiko oposa 100 osiyana pali miyala ya chitukuko mafuta munda imachitika pa iwo. Koma buku la zokolola, ndithudi, zokhudza kakang'ono poyerekezera ndi imene mayiko akuluakulu mafuta exporting.

mabungwe ena

OPEC ndi kuyanjana chofunika kwambiri limati mafuta yotulutsa, koma osati yekha. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1970 iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi Energy Agency International. umembala wake wa mayiko 26 anayamba nthawi yomweyo. The Iea si zonse ntchito za Waogula Zinthu Kunja ndi Ogula zakunja yaikulu ya zipangizo. Cholinga cha bungweli ndi kukhala zimagwirira ntchito mogwirizana kuti akufunika zinthu zovuta. Choncho anayamba njira zake analola ochepa kuchepetsa msika OPEC mphamvu. Kuvomereza yaikulu ya Iea anapeza kuti polenga dziko zitsime zamafuta, kukhala njirazo bwino kusuntha zipangizo ngati embargo ndi kusunga dongosolo zina zofunika. Izi zinathandiza kuti chakuti msika ulembedwe mawu tsopano osati yaikulu mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja.