Nomenclature wa Organic mankhwala

Mu mankhwala mabuku ndi tsiku moyo ntchito maina organic biosoedineny zochokera machitidwe osiyana nomenclatural. Pakufunika kukumana mfundo zazikulu.

Nomenclature wa Organic mankhwala.

Masiku ano, chifukwa cha dzina la chimodzimodzi organic nkhani zambiri ntchito atatu nomenclature: mbiriyakale, kapena zazing'ono (mu French amatanthauza wamba, si chenicheni) zomveka (wanzeru, oyenera) ndi sayansi kapena mwadongosolo sayansi otukuka IUPAC.

A nomenclature zazing'ono mankhwala organic zayamba mwangozi, pamene yoyamba ya makamaka organic. Mayina kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza zachilengedwe imene woyamba anachokera organic pawiri (ethyl mowa, urea, mzimbe shuga, lactate, nthochi, citrate, asidi formic), njira yopangira thunthu (Ester sera kuyang'anira), mabanja asayansi amene anapeza pawiri (Lewis asidi, hydrocarbon Chichibabin, Michler a ketones). Nthawi zina mayina awa anali mwachisawawa (methane, acetone, asparagine, chakudya).

Zomveka nomenclature mankhwala organic

Bukuli lili ndi mayina zazing'ono zinthu yosavuta lililonse izi kalasi ya mankhwala organic mu molekyulu mmene chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu wa hydrogen mukanalankhula atomu wina kapena magulu a atomiki. Mwachitsanzo, ethane pa nomenclature zomveka otchedwa metilmetanom; ethyl mowa (mowa anachokera losavuta carbinol) - metilkarbinolom; propionic asidi - methyl nthochi asidi etc. Komabe, biostructures kwambiricho nomenclature izi organic zinthu zosafunika. Choncho, chofunika chilengedwe cha nomenclature latsopano la sayansi, dzina biosoedineniya ndi matabwa ake ayenera zikugwirizana mzake.

The nomenclature sayansi mankhwala organic popangidwa ndi IUPAC ndi zolondola kwambiri anapereka pamwamba. Malinga ndi malamulo ake, aliyense chinthu organic, kapena kutsegula kale apanga ndi apanga mu masiku athu, amagwira ntchito mu sayansi dzina, amene ntchito ndi akatswiri pa dziko lonse lapansi.

Chikhazikitso cha nomenclature womulera pa kuyamba kwa German organic sayansi A. V. Gofmana (1818-1892) mu 1892 pa Congress mayiko a akatswiri mu Geneva (ichi nomenclature mankhwala organic otchedwa Geneva). Ndi chitukuko zimapangidwira organic ndi bwino wodzilemekeza ndiponso. Pa Congress wa IUPAC mu London (1947) yapangidwa ndi ovomerezedwa ndi ziriri pano ndi "IUPAC Nomenclature Malamulo" mayina a mankhwala organic.

Pamene IUPAC (Geneva) analenga komishoni okhazikika, ndi kutsegula latsopano apanga mankhwala organic kupereka maina zolondola za sayansi. Mu zakale USSR lofalitsidwa ndi mabuku atatu a "malamulo a IUPAC nomenclature" (1 ndi 2 vols 1979, wachitatu T - .. 1983). Malinga ndi awa mankhwala malamulo mutu tichipeza wapakamwa dongosolo lakuti ndi makombo a osonyeza ndi kulankhulana njira zidutswa.

Mavesi njira zinayi za mayina Education IUPAC: 1) cholowezammalo - maziko dzina potenga gawo limodzi ndi wachiwiri imatengedwa ngati kazembe wa hydrogen, eg (C6H5) 2 Mbiri - diphenylmethane, 2) kugwirizana, chimene dzina la nyumba pawiri la tinthu angapo ofanana Mwachitsanzo C6H5 -S6N5 - biphenyl; 3) zinchito kwakukulu zomwe maziko apa amayenera dzina la gulu zinchito ndi dzina kwakukulu, monga CH = CHC1 - vinilu enaake, ndi 4) kusintha m'malo nomenclature ntchito popereka maina a hydrogen mankhwala organic wapangidwa mamolekyulu amene ali nekarbonovye maatomu.

Mu ntchito tsiku amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za kwakukulu zinchito ndi substitutive njira IUPAC nomenclature.