Kuphunzitsa ndi chiyani? ziphunzitso ndi akatswiri andale

Nthanthi, ndale, pedagogical chiphunzitso - mawu angapezeke zizichitika ambiri. Koma ziribe kanthu zomwe adjective zingasowe limodzi Nkhani yaikulu mu wina: "? Kodi chiphunzitso ichi" Kuti ndi yankho, ndipo unali mutu wa nkhani ino.

terminology

Mu lingaliro la "chiphunzitso" ali matanthauzo angapo. Ngati tikulingalira mawu monga ndondomeko ya kupeza chidziwitso mbali zapadera anasankha (ndi tanthauzo limeneli likupezeka, koma mu nkhani iyi si woyenera), ndiye pali malongosoledwe zotsatirazi chakuti chiphunzitso chotere.

• Kuphunzitsa ya kufunsira za chiphunzitso mwa malo a chidziwitso.
• Kuphunzitsa mfundo zambiri za woganiza yomweyo m'munda wake wosankhidwa wa sayansi.
• Kuphunzitsa ziphunzitso kuipidwa wa chipembedzo chinachake (chikhulupiriro).

Kuliganizira ndi awiri. Iwo nthawi zambiri kugwirizana ziphunzitso ndi akatswiri andale. Taganizirani tsatanetsatane.

nzeru

Nzeru za gwero lawo pa chiyambi cha chitukuko cha sayansi - mu Greece ndi Rome. Ancient Agiriki monga Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, ndi Roma -. Cicero ndi ena, maganizo ndi malingaliro awo kupanga, anawatsatira, kuti anapulumuka iwo lero. Choncho anapanga ndi ziphunzitso za maganizo awa kwambiri.

zitsanzo nzeru

M'kupita kwa kuwonjezeka chitukuko cha nzeru ndi kufufuza yankho la funso chake chachikulu (lomwe limabwera choyamba: mzimu kapena kanthu) likusonyeza nzeru lalikulu, lomwe kutchula osati lingaliro la wolemba limodzi, koma pozindikira kuti yomwe mbadwo ndalama za aphunzitsi. Chuma ndi chabe, monga mbali ziwiri za yankho waukulu funso, monism, chakuti n'zosatheka kum'dziŵa Mlengi, solipsism ndi yachilendo Russian Space Art - aliyense wa iwo amakhala ndi peculiarities ake, ndi iwo ali oyanjana ndi mndandanda wonse akatswiri.

Koma ziphunzitso zakale, ngakhale zina ndi yeniyeni mawu cilamulo (mwachitsanzo, dialectic), komabe amachokera maina a olemba - Socrates, Heraclitus, ndi ena. Komabe, zinalili kale mu Zapakati, ndipo mu heyday la German maganizo aumunthu. Chiphunzitso tingachipeze powerenga za Locke ndi Hobbes, Nietzscheanism, m'malo lalikulu Fridriha Nitsshe. Dziwani kuti chiphunzitso uzkonapravlen, ngakhale ena a iwo atamwalira tate wake (mwachitsanzo, Wachiwiri-Platonism).

Ndale: amakedzana

Philosophy ndi ndale mu nthawi yamakedzana anali kumagwirizana. Ambiri mwa nzeru ena a nthawi anayamba chitsanzo awo abwino a boma. History akukumbukira ziphunzitso za kukambirana Plato ya dzina yemweyo ( "State"), imene iye anafotokoza mawonekedwe ake opanda ungwiro, kupereka terminology yake. Sali wonyalanyaza zimene malingaliro a "demokalase", "timocracy" ndipo ena "..kraty" inachitika chifukwa Greece wakale. Mosiyana ndi njira umboni ndi nzeru zaumunthu a Pythagoras ndi Heraclitus, Plato anali wokhwimitsa yeniyeni. kolona analinso Aristotle, kugawa boma kuti anthu ankaona "bwino" ndi "cholakwika." Komabe, ngakhale mu rationalism zimenezi, pali zoletsa zambiri.

Ndale: Zapakati ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Ages Middle zinachitika monga njira mwangwiro Mulungu, kuphatikizapo ndale, ndi maganizo a kulenga boma. maganizo amenewa anali zinapatsira ndi ziphunzitso zonse za ndale za nthawi. Yofunika kwambiri anaphunzitsa zinali Fomy Akvinskogo, amene, pobwereka maganizo a Aristotle, anayesa kutanthauzira iwo m'njira Mkhristu, ndi pakati pa kutchuka izi.

Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano tisaiwale Niccolo Machiavelli ndi pempho lake analembera ndiye (ngakhale zosavomerezeka) wolamulira wa Florence, Lorenzo Zazikulu. Sysytem "The Mfumu" lili malingaliro lomveka kwambiri za mphamvu za ndale. Chiphunzitso cha Machiavelli amaika ndale pamwamba makhalidwe abwino. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti "Mfumu" lidakalipobe masiku ano komanso ngakhale kuloza ku Baibulo pakompyuta, kutanthauza kuti angathe kuwerenga onse akufuna kudziwa zimene ziphunzitso za Machiavelli.

pomaliza

Monga mmene taonera, tanthauzo la chiphunzitso monga ya malingaliro a wolemba, kapena m'minda chidziwitso ofanana ndi mzake, ali kwambiri zogwirizana ndipo chotero chilamulira chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi chifukwa cha ichi zosavuta kudziwa kuti chiphunzitso chotere.

Philosophy ndi ndale koma tsopano atha mbali ziwiri zosiyana, panobe anaima pa chiyambi cha ena, chifukwa asayansi ndale zambiri wotsikayo kuchokera anzeru anthu amene anasonyeza maganizo awo, osati m'dera lino la ukatswiri.