CHITSANZO zowerengera zakuthambo. zowerengera polojekiti gulu

Masiku ano anthu ambiri, kasamalidwe ka chuma sizikanakhala zotheka popanda sayansi zofunika, monga ziwerengero. Izi chilango kwa zaka anasewera mbali ya chida zofunikira komanso zothandiza mu chikhalidwe chilichonse. Ndipo kanthu mlingo ndi siteji ya chitukuko zachuma.

Anthu deta, amene zinapezedwa ziwerengero ndiponso kuti tsiku ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma, monga mmene pa mbali kachulukidwe zodabwitsa misa kuti kulibe anthu.

tanthawuzo

Mawu "ziwerengero" ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri ndipo ambiri amaganiza. Pakali pano, pali pafupifupi zikwi mafotokozedwe osiyana akuti. Kuthandauza kwa sayansi, ziwerengero kuyesera osati nzeru ena, komanso chuma, masamu, mayiko ndi akatswiri.

Mawu chilango ichi, amachokera ku Latin "kachirombo". Kumasulira amatanthauza "boma zina za zinthu zimenezi." Koma masiku ano, mawu akuti "ziwerengero" angagwiritsidwe ntchito matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Ali:

- Zothandiza ntchito ikuchitika pa zopereka, processing ndi kusanthula deta zomwe chikhalidwe ndi chuma, anthu ndi maphunziro, komanso ambiri zina zochitika chikhalidwe;

- phunziro nkhani m'gulu mapulani maphunziro a Mabwana Oyang'anira Ntchito, amalonda ndi chuma mkulu;

- sayansi kuti amaphunzira mbali kachulukidwe a mitundu zosiyanasiyana za moyo pagulu.

Nkhani ya chilango ndi chitukuko

Magwero a ziwerengero zinachitika kalelo. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu anafunika mu kuwerengetsera ya anthu, chuma, dziko, ng'ombe, ndi zina zotero. D.

Zolembedwa oyambirira a ntchito izi za 5 m'ma BC. e. Iwo ikuchitika China. Yowerengera nzika ufulu ndi msinkhu ndi kugonana unkachitika mu Roma. Kale mu mndandanda wapadera m'gulu makanda onse anabadwa. Izo zinali kuchitikira mbiri osiyana anyamata kwa zaka usilikali. Analemba mndandanda wa dziko, muli deta pa kapangidwe ndi akapolo, kufufuza ndi ndalama.

Mu 1061 woyamba dziko kalembera zinachitikadi mu England. Kusonkhanitsa deta anafufuza mayadi mazana awiri ndi makumi zikwi. Pali mfundo za kalembera m'zaka 13. Mongol khans. deta zofunika pa mndandanda wa misonkho ku madera azikhala Russian.

Mu zaka wotsatira ziwerengero anapitiriza chitukuko cha m'ma 17. Ine kunaonekera ake mu mwambo wa sayansi. maziko ake anali masukulu awiri. The oyamba - British ntchito masamu ndale. The sukulu chachiwiri - German, lomwe ndi zinthu zambiri za zochitika. Mu zaka za m'ma 19. Science amamuonera malangizo ake lachitatu - zowerengera ndi masamu, amene anali bungwe la kafukufuku Belgium Adolfom Ketle.

Mu zaka za m'ma 20. chilango chimenechi chinali kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso Mwina. njira zake kulola maphunziro sociological wa kufunika wa ogula ndi mankhwala khalidwe, komanso miyezo ya moyo wa nzika.

Kafukufuku yogwira zowerengera amachitika zaka za mphamvu Soviet. Iwo amakulolani kuona chithunzi chonse cha nascent chuma cha dziko. Iwo sanaime ntchito ziwerengero ndi nkhondo yolimbana Nazi Germany. Nthawi imeneyi, panali kufunika mayiko mu mawerengedwe zakuthupi ndi ntchito chuma. Komanso, zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zokhudza kayendedwe ka mphamvu lapansi m'madera a kummawa.

The ntchito yogwira ya zochitika za pa kunachitidwa mu nthawi nkhondoyo, chikudziwikabe lero. Popanda sayansi sizingatheke kupitiriza kukula kwa chuma cha boma ndi muzochitika zake zonse chikhalidwe.

Organization dongosolo deta kupeza

mayunitsi Constituent ziwerengero ndi:

- kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma oyang'anira tauni zochitika za pa;

- mwamwayi ndi zachinsinsi ziwerengero;

- departmental malipoti.

Bungwe chidwi zowerengera akuyamba ndi madipatimenti ndi madipatimenti chigawo. ntchito lawo lili m'manja mwa Komiti ya Federation ndi Statistical. Nawonso, ndi wamng'ono kwa Russian Committee State Statistics.

malipoti Departmental amakonzedwa mwa makampani ndi mabungwe a munda wina wa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ziwerengero za mabanki, miyambo ndi zina zotero. D.

kafukufuku mankhwala

Federal Statistical kuonerera zikuphatikizapo:

- ndi zazikulu za citukuko zizindikiro yofanana;

- makampani deta;

- Kafukufuku wa miyezo ya moyo ndi yothandiza;

- mayiko yapakati m'madera ena.

kuzipenya izi zowerengera akufalitsidwa mu mawonekedwe a zithunzizi mfundo ndi Zotsatira, kufotokoza mfundo ndi bulletins.

Magawo a kafukufuku zowerengera

Collection ndi kulembetsa umboni wa dera lililonse la moyo pagulu imachitikira chitsanzo ena. Pali kosiyana chidwi zowerengera. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ntchito njira zawo.

Koma kodi ife kuyamba polojekiti zowerengera? Ziwerengero amapatsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kukonza bwino ndithu iyi kapena vuto. Amaonekera chifukwa amaganizira ndi zolinga za phunzirolo ndi mfundo zambiri zimene ayenera kufufuza.

Sikumatha njira yowunikira zowerengera sizingachitike popanda kuphunzira choyamba ntchito luso. chikalata ichi ndi wasenza ndi makasitomala kufufuza m'tsogolo. Mawu Buku adzakhala monga:

- zinthu pansi phunziro;

- malingaliro alipo ndi maganizo amene amafuna kutsimikizira kapena yotsutsa;

- maphunziro ndi;

- nthawi chidwi.

Pamaziko a polojekiti luso chimakwirira chitukuko cha dongosolo tsogolo la lipoti mawunikidwe, komanso dongosolo la Kafukufuku zowerengera, ndiwo mndandanda wa zotsatira za zinthu mukufuna kulembetsa, kapena mafunso amene ayenera kupeza mayankho omveka. Chitsanzo cha amenewa pulogalamu atha kutumikira ngati mbiri ntchito kalembera wa.

Pa sitepe yotsatira ndi deta. njira ake kuzichita za pulogalamu ya Kafukufuku zowerengera. Kenako ya deta analemba analandira ndipo anapanga gulu malinga ndi muyezo zosiyanasiyana. Only pambuyo deta onse analandira kuti kusanthula kale. Ichi ndi gawo lotsatira la kuzipenya zowerengera, ntchito akalozera, mfundo pafupifupi ndi wachibale, ndi zina zotero. D. lotulukira kukafola lipoti ndi kupanga iwo kupezeka kwa makasitomala.

Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti kuonerera zowerengera, likakhala sayansi zosonkhanitsira deta, makamaka Mzimuyo n'loonadi apeza mu chomaliza. N'chifukwa chake kupeza mfundo zenizeni - ntchito yaikulu ya Statistics.

deta

mfundo wofunikila pofufuza, kungakhale yaikulu kapena sekondale. Yoyambirira deta ndi zimene nthawi ya Nsanja ya specifications luso palibe. mudziwe Secondary kale zilipo. Iwo anali analandira pamaso kuchita ntchito zina.

CHITSANZO zosonkhanitsira zowerengera kuonerera chachikulu deta - kafukufuku odwala m'zipatala zachipatala, zokambirana mavuto enieni mu msonkhano, kulandira mayankho kuchokera alendo sitolo, etc ...

Kupanga mfundo yachiwiri nthawi zina amatchedwa "laibulale" kapena "desiki". Ndipo kusonkhanitsa kwa awo angatengere mbali akatswiri onse mkati ndi kunja. Mu zimene zili kusiyana pakati pa iwo?

CHITSANZO zowerengera kuonerera ntchito magwero mkati sekondale ntchito izi:

- gulu la dongosolo ndi mfundo;

- Data wa maphunziro yapita;

- ndodo olembedwa inatero.

Kunja deta sekondale kuwapeza:

- zowerengera mabungwe malipoti;

- Nawonso achichepere pakompyuta;

- atolankani;

- Kugwirizana akatswiri amanena, mabungwe malonda, etc ...

Njira zosonkhanitsira deta

Nanga anapanga kulembetsa koyamba mfundo zofunikira kufufuza? Pali njira zotsatirazi chidwi zowerengera: ndi mwachindunji ndi zolembedwa, kafukufuku ndi kuyesera.

The woyamba umachitika pa kalembera wa zinthu zina ndi kafukufuku wa. Chitsanzo chidwi mwachindunji ndi kuphunzira magalimoto otaya mwamphamvu mwapadera anaika owerengera.

Njira zopelekedwa zambiri zosonkhanitsira njira ntchito ndi makadi kufufuza, mlandu zipika ndi T D..

Izi kafukufuku zowerengera monga kafukufuku ndi kulandira mauthenga ku mawu a woyankha anasankha. Ife kusiyanitsa pakati pa kafukufuku:

- mafunso kumene woyankha mayankho olembedwa mafunso;

- makalata, imene ena kapena zina amaperekedwa ndi kudzera zaufulu

- wapakamwa pamene owerengera ndi kuphunzira analembedwa mitundu ya pakamwa mayankho nzika.

Ndi posachedwapa anaonekera ndi kale anapeza ambiri zosiyanasiyana zokambirana mitundu ya mafunso. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi mayankho amene anafunsidwa ndi telefoni, Internet kapena imelo.

njira zosonkhanitsira deta

zowerengera kuonerera njira ayenera sayansi. Yosayenera bungwe ntchito adzapeza kuphunzira kuti ndithu. zolakwa kuonerera zowerengera adzapanga njira lotsatira malipoti zosatheka. Izi ayenera adzanyamula kukumbukira. Ndipotu, chifukwa yankho lolondola mafunso ofunikawa kuganizira kuchotsedwa chododometsa kuti ankafufuza.

Mu Russia, pali njira ziwiri chidwi feduro zowerengera. Woyamba ndi malipoti yokha. Iwo amangoona amagwiritsa mitundu chuma ziwerengero. Mawonekedwe kachiwiri mwapadera bungwe zakuthambo. Iwo umupeza tanthauzo lake mu kusanthula njira ndi zochitika.

Chitsanzo cha kuzipenya zowerengera pa mtundu woyamba - ndi kupeza mfundo munali zofunika kuchokera ku mabungwe munthu, makampani, mabungwe etc. mfundo zonse opatsirana zachokera deta mlandu ndi mbiri ntchito amakampani ... Mfundo zimenezi zikhoza anasonkhana kwa nthawi zosiyana za nthawi ndi kukhala khumi tsiku, mwezi, kamodzi miyezi itatu iliyonse mawu theka-pachaka kapena pachaka ndalama tsiku.

State kuonerera zowerengera wochititsidwa ndi maonekedwe chachiwiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa osiyanasiyana maphunziro kuti akonze mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo chikhalidwe ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Deta yotere sangathe kuwapeza makampani malipoti. A chitsanzo chapadera cha chotero mitundu kuonerera zowerengera - kalembera. Othandiza Kafukufuku Russia akugwirizira thupi zinthu zake wachibale, anthu, zida uninstalled, kakwamba osatha, kumanga patsogolo, ndi zina zotero D..

zida ntchito

ntchito zonse zimene ananena zowerengera zachokera mitundu wapadera. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba kafukufuku chida. The chachiwiri - malangizo boma kuti mutayankha mitundu chofunika ndi malipoti.

Chotero zida zowerengera polojekiti monga maonekedwe ndi mafunso, mafunso ndi T. D. mitundu Izi kusindikizidwa zinthu zimene malinga ndi makasitomala mu zaumisiri Reference. Pa mitundu imeneyi anapangidwa ndi onse mudziwe anasonkhana. Kodi maonekedwe amenewa? Mu mbali chapamwamba pali kusiyanitsa mbali. Kumanzere kwa tsamba lililonse lili ndi mafunso a kuzipenya zowerengera, ndipo kumanja - malo mayankho kwa iwo.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya mitundu ya zinthu zakuthambo. The oyamba - khadi. Chinali cholinga kufotokoza yekha ndi chinthu chidwi. Mtundu wachiwiri wa mtundu - ndi kopeleka malipiro. Iwo mudzavala polojekiti ndi zinthu angapo.

Koma ziribe kanthu momwe mosamala pulogalamu ndi mawonekedwe, la feduro kuonerera zowerengera sangathe kuchitidwa popanda malangizo yapangidwa. Tsamba ili lili ndi mfundo zonse specifications luso, komanso amatipatsa zitsanzo ndi malangizo yokhudzana. Guide ndi ukukamba osiyana kapena kusindikizidwa mwachindunji kumtunda mawonekedwe kanthu.

Mitundu ya kuzipenya zowerengera

Kusankha olondola njira kuti asonkhanitse zofunika n'kofunika kuti tipeze njira bwino vuto. Pali mitundu ingapo ya Kafukufuku zowerengera, amene amasiyana nthawi ndi Kuphunzira mayunitsi pamodzi.

Choncho mudziwe akhoza amatengedwa mosalekeza, monga isanayambike kapena zosayembekezereka wa chodabwitsa lapansi. kuzipenya izi zowerengera ali panopa. iwo akutsatiridwa ntchito zikalata zofunika kwambiri muli zofunika. Chitsanzo cha njira imeneyi kungakhale kaundula. thupi Izi zikutibweretsa pamodzi mfundo zonse pa kusintha za anthu. Pamaziko a zochita za udindo yapachiweniweni akhoza kuphunzira pa kubadwa ndi imfa, maukwati ndi zina zotero. D.

Ndi nthawi Chinthu n'kopanda anthu ndipo nthawi kuonerera zowerengera. Chumacho fupipafupi. Chitsanzo cha inati - kalembera, komanso mtima wa msinkhu mtengo wa ritelo malonda malonda maukonde.

maphunziro Statistical akhoza kuchitika nthawi popanda periodicity iliyonse. Pankhaniyi, iwo amatchedwa sanali chosatha. Chitsanzo cha kuzipenya wotero kamodzi mlandu zisudzo magulu bungwe ophunzira.

deta Statistical angathe kusiyanitsidwa kufika mayunitsi pamodzi. Pa mfundo imeneyi kuonetsetsa mosalekeza anaziika. Koyamba lolunjika pa kalembera wa makhalidwe ambiri mayunitsi zosiyanasiyana. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza munthu kuti mudziwe zolondola zokhudza chinthu akuphunziridwa. Chitsanzo cha zimene ananena mosalekeza ndi kalembera.

Zikhoza kukhala anayendera ndi mayunitsi munthu pamodzi. Zikatero, kuonerera zowerengera ndi discontinuous. Zikatero, izo lagawidwa ndi subtypes zotsatirazi:

- chitsanzo woimira chandamale anthu kusankha gawo (mwachitsanzo anthu maganizo kafukufuku);

- zosiyanasiyana chachikulu pamene ayesedwa gawo mayunitsi anthu, amene chopereka kwa chochitika kuphunzira ndi waukulu (Mwachitsanzo - kuphunzira maonekedwe a mizinda m'mizinda);

- monographic kafukufuku, pamene pali wagawo chimodzi chokha mwatsatanetsatane limodzi (mwachitsanzo, banja pa phunziro chisanadze bajeti).

Kodi mtundu wa polojekiti ndi zambiri bwino? Monga mosalekeza ndipo sanali mosalekeza kafukufuku ubwino komanso kuipa. Ndipo ayenera kuganizira posankha njira zowerengera.

Choncho, mosalekeza polojekiti:

- chifukwa cha kulolerana mayunitsi zonse anthu amapereka deta yolondola kwambiri;

- zimatenga nthawi yaitali ndipo amafuna ndalama zambiri;

- si nthawi zonse amatha kubisa mbali zonse za anthu anapatsidwa;

- khalidwe la zotsatira za nthawi processing kuti zingakhudze kufunika kwa anapezazo lapansi.

Koma zimene ananena sanali mosalekeza, izo:

- oopsa chifukwa cha anaphunzira inaccurately azipereka kuchotsedwa;

- luso kuphonya mbali zina zofunika, zimene zinkatanthauza cholakwa chidwi zowerengera.

mudziwe analandira ulamuliro

Nthawizina deta mayeso, pali kusiyana pakati pa leni ndi mtengo wake woikidwiratu wa zosintha kuphunzira. Izi zikhoza kukhala cholakwa:

1. Kulembetsa. malfunctioning uwu wa mudziwe kuunikira malo (nthawi zambiri iwo kwakhululukidwa). Mwachitsanzo, kachidutswa wa cholembera pokonza zikalata ku ofesi kaundula.
2. Representativeness. Zolakwika zimenezi zimachitika pamene pa kafukufuku mosalekeza watengedwa gawo woimira zoipa lonse.
3. Mwachisawawa. Ichi ndi zolakwa zimene zinachitika mchikakamizo cha kutopa, inattention, ndi zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, pachithunzichi kujambula mbiri-wosagawanika.
4. Mwadongosolo. zolakwa zimachititsa kuti underestimation kapena kudziŵerengera kopambanitsa magawo kuphunzira. Mwachitsanzo, nazo mfundo kutha mu 0 kapena 5.

Kuugwira zolakwa njira ziwiri ntchito mu ziwerengero. The oyamba - maganizo. Zimatengera ntchito unyolo wa ubale apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, mwana wa zaka 8 sangathe kukhala ana ake.

Izo ntchito mu ziwerengero ndi masamu zizindikiro kulamulira. Iwo amagwiritsa ubwenzi kachulukidwe pakati pa makhalidwe a. Chitsanzo: Werengerani = Werengerani 4 3 - Werengani 1 + Werengani 2.